{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:03:10Z","timestamp":1793138590095,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIN_ 2022JAFZ9T"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN_ 2022JAFZ9T"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG123188AC2DD912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG123188AC2DD912"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Sex Differ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Stress triggers many responses including behavioral strategies to cope with the environment and to maintain homeostasis. Notably, the experience of stressful events is highly subjective. In fact, in susceptible individuals, primary adaptation responses can fail leading to maladaptive mechanisms and to the subsequent development of stress-related disorders (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder; PTSD). However, the mechanisms underlying interindividual variability in stress adaptation are still to be elucidated. Animal models are widely recognized as essential scientific tools to understand the neurobiological underpinnings of stress susceptibility\/resilience, and as tools to identify novel and personalized interventions to treat (and prevent) such disorders in humans. Experimental models have however several limitations, as validity criteria can be very problematic when modeling psychiatric disorders. Also, while sex dimorphism crucially contributes to the risk for stress-related diseases, several frequently used models overlooked sex differences in the interindividual variability in response to stress. In this review, we describe the interindividual and sex differences in susceptibility and resilience in stress-related disorders, with a particular focus on PTSD. Further, we examine aspects of animal models of PTSD that can be improved to obtain higher translational value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-025-00732-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T14:48:09Z","timestamp":1751381289000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Interindividual and sex differences in resilience and vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): insights from animal models"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Giulia Federica","family":"Mancini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano Alfio","family":"Torrisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva Myriam Goussivi","family":"Viho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onno Cornelis","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Marco","family":"Leggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Campolongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230a231","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.10.2.230a","volume":"10","author":"H Selye","year":"1998","unstructured":"Selye H. A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;10(2):230a231.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"732_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.106","volume":"5","author":"GP Chrousos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chrousos GP. Stress and disorders of the stress system. Nat Reviews Endocrinol. 2009;5(7):374\u201381.","journal-title":"Nat Reviews Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"732_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.02.003","volume":"35","author":"JM Koolhaas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koolhaas JM, Bartolomucci A, Buwalda B, de Boer SF, Fl\u00fcgge G, Korte SM, et al. Stress revisited: a critical evaluation of the stress concept. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews. 2011;35(5):1291\u2013301.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"732_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1683","volume":"6","author":"ER de Kloet","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Kloet ER, Jo\u00ebls M, Holsboer F. Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(6):463\u201375.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"732_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00177-X","volume":"54","author":"BS McEwen","year":"2003","unstructured":"McEwen BS. Mood disorders and allostatic load. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54(3):200\u20137.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"732_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.03.008","volume":"35","author":"DA Bangasser","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bangasser DA, Valentino RJ. Sex differences in stress-related psychiatric disorders: neurobiological perspectives. Front Neuroendocr. 2014;35(3):303\u201319.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocr"},{"issue":"12","key":"732_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","volume":"52","author":"RC Kessler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52(12):1048\u201360.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"732_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.09.045","volume":"560","author":"E Riccardi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Riccardi E, Mancini GF, Pisaneschi A, Morena M, Campolongo P. Sex differences in fear expression and persistence in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuroscience. 2024;560:371\u201380.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"732_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2022.109298","volume":"222","author":"EP Bauer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bauer EP. Sex differences in fear responses: neural circuits. Neuropharmacology. 2023;222:109298.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"732_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bangasser DA. To freeze or not to freeze. eLife. 2015;4.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.13119"},{"key":"732_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2014.09.005","volume":"1","author":"RM Shansky","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shansky RM. Sex differences in PTSD resilience and susceptibility: challenges for animal models of fear learning. Neurobiol Stress. 2015;1:60\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"732_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gruene TM, Flick K, Stefano A, Shea SD, Shansky RM. Sexually divergent expression of active and passive conditioned fear responses in rats. eLife. 2015;4.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.11352"},{"key":"732_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.12.034","volume":"454","author":"A Johnson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnson A, Rainville JR, Rivero-Ballon GN, Dhimitri K, Hodes GE. Testing the limits of sex differences using variable stress. Neuroscience. 2021;454:72\u201384.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27604-x","volume":"13","author":"L Dion-Albert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dion-Albert L, Cadoret A, Doney E, Kaufmann FN, Dudek KA, Daigle B, et al. Vascular and blood-brain barrier-related changes underlie stress responses and resilience in female mice and depression in human tissue. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):164.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"732_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2022.100989","volume":"65","author":"L Dion-Albert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dion-Albert L, Bandeira Binder L, Daigle B, Hong-Minh A, Lebel M, Menard C. Sex differences in the blood\u2013brain barrier: implications for mental health. Front Neuroendocr. 2022;65:100989.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocr"},{"issue":"5","key":"732_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2007.01.014","volume":"28","author":"B Clancy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clancy B, Finlay BL, Darlington RB, Anand KJS. Extrapolating brain development from experimental species to humans. Neurotoxicology. 2007;28(5):931\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.04.001","volume":"106\u2013107","author":"BD Semple","year":"2013","unstructured":"Semple BD, Blomgren K, Gimlin K, Ferriero DM, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Brain development in rodents and humans: identifying benchmarks of maturation and vulnerability to injury across species. Prog Neurobiol. 2013;106\u2013107(1):1\u201316.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2007.10.002","volume":"29","author":"ER de Kloet","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Kloet ER, Karst H, Jo\u00ebls M. Corticosteroid hormones in the central stress response: quick-and-slow. Front Neuroendocr. 2008;29(2):268\u201372.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocr"},{"issue":"9","key":"732_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2013.07.003","volume":"34","author":"M Kadmiel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kadmiel M, Cidlowski JA. Glucocorticoid receptor signaling in health and disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2013;34(9):518\u201330.","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.37.030175.001333","volume":"37","author":"K Leung","year":"1975","unstructured":"Leung K, Munck A. Peripheral actions of glucocorticoids. Annu Rev Physiol. 1975;37(1):245\u201372.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"732_CR21","first-page":"269","volume":"19","author":"ER de Kloet","year":"1998","unstructured":"de Kloet ER, Vreugdenhil E, Oitzl MS, Jo\u00ebls M. Brain corticosteroid receptor balance in health and disease. Endocr Rev. 1998;19(3):269\u2013301.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"732_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2647","volume":"10","author":"YM Ulrich-Lai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ulrich-Lai YM, Herman JP. Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10(6):397\u2013409.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"732_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-117-6-2505","volume":"117","author":"JM Reul","year":"1985","unstructured":"Reul JM, de Kloet ER. Two receptor systems for corticosterone in rat brain: microdistribution and differential occupation. Endocrinology. 1985;117(6):2505\u201311.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"732_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00005","volume":"5","author":"JM Reul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reul JM. Making memories of stressful events: a journey along epigenetic, gene transcription, and signaling pathways. Front Psychiatry. 2014;5:5.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"732_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1150459","volume":"115","author":"JM Reul","year":"1987","unstructured":"Reul JM, van den Bosch FR, de Kloet ER. Relative occupation of type-I and type-II corticosteroid receptors in rat brain following stress and dexamethasone treatment: functional implications. J Endocrinol. 1987;115(3):459\u201367.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"732_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2018.02.003","volume":"49","author":"ER de Kloet","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Kloet ER, Meijer OC, de Nicola AF, de Rijk RH, Jo\u00ebls M. Importance of the brain corticosteroid receptor balance in metaplasticity, cognitive performance and neuro-inflammation. Front Neuroendocr. 2018;49:124\u201345.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocr"},{"issue":"5","key":"732_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890.2018.1456526","volume":"21","author":"KR Mifsud","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mifsud KR, Reul JM. Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor-mediated control of genomic responses to stress in the brain. Stress. 2018;21(5):389\u2013402.","journal-title":"Stress"},{"issue":"18","key":"732_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410180039004","volume":"153","author":"BS McEwen","year":"1993","unstructured":"McEwen BS, Stellar E. Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153(18):2093\u2013101.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"732_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2023.101065","volume":"69","author":"GF Mancini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mancini GF, Meijer OC, Campolongo P. Stress in adolescence as a first hit in stress-related disease development: timing and context are crucial. Front Neuroendocr. 2023;69:101065.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocr"},{"key":"732_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richter-Levin G, Sandi C. Labels matter: is it stress or is it trauma? Translational Psychiatry. 2021;11(1).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01514-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.266","volume":"41","author":"JW Smoller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smoller JW. The genetics of stress-related disorders: PTSD, depression, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;41(1):297\u2013319.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"732_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nsa.2024.104052","volume":"3","author":"P Paribello","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paribello P, Branchi I, Viglione A, Mancini GF, Morena M, Campolongo P, et al. Biomarkers of stress resilience: a review. Neurosci Appl. 2024;3:104052.","journal-title":"Neurosci Appl"},{"key":"732_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.008","volume":"74","author":"SF de Boer","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Boer SF, Buwalda B, Koolhaas JM. Untangling the neurobiology of coping styles in rodents: towards neural mechanisms underlying individual differences in disease susceptibility. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews. 2017;74:401\u201322.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"732_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.11.006","volume":"22","author":"JM Koolhaas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Koolhaas JM. Coping style and immunity in animals: making sense of individual variation. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22(5):662\u20137.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"02","key":"732_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579411000186","volume":"23","author":"LC Pratchett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pratchett LC, Yehuda R. Foundations of posttraumatic stress disorder: does early life trauma lead to adult posttraumatic stress disorder? Dev Psychopathol. 2011;23(02):477\u201391.","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"732_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/77702","volume":"3","author":"D Liu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Liu D, Diorio J, Day JC, Francis DD, Meaney MJ. Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats. Nat Neurosci. 2000;3(8):799\u2013806.","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"732_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.06.008","volume":"38","author":"NP Daskalakis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Daskalakis NP, Bagot RC, Parker KJ, Vinkers CH, de Kloet ER. The three-hit concept of vulnerability and resilience: toward understanding adaptation to early-life adversity outcome. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38(9):1858\u201373.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020360","volume":"10","author":"GF Mancini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mancini GF, Marchetta E, Pignani I, Trezza V, Campolongo P. Social defeat stress during early adolescence confers resilience against a single episode of prolonged stress in adult rats. Cells. 2021;10(2):360.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000331393","volume":"95","author":"O Horovitz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horovitz O, Tsoory MM, Hall J, Jacobson-Pick S, Richter-Levin G. Post-weaning to pre-pubertal (Juvenile) stress: a model of induced predisposition to stress-related disorders. Neuroendocrinology. 2012;95(1):56\u201364.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"6343","key":"732_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4491","volume":"356","author":"CJ Pe\u00f1a","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a CJ, Kronman HG, Walker DM, Cates HM, Bagot RC, Purushothaman I, et al. Early life stress confers lifelong stress susceptibility in mice via ventral tegmental area OTX2. Science. 2017;356(6343):1185\u20138.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.98407","volume":"20","author":"YPS Balhara","year":"2012","unstructured":"Balhara YPS, Verma R, Gupta CS. Gender differences in stress response: role of developmental and biological determinants. Industrial Psychiatry J. 2012;20(1):4.","journal-title":"Industrial Psychiatry J"},{"key":"732_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kornfield SL, Hantsoo L, Epperson CN. What does sex have to do with it? The role of sex as a biological variable in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018;20(6).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0907-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902940107","volume":"294","author":"RB Simerly","year":"1990","unstructured":"Simerly RB, Chang CY, Muramatsu M, Swanson LW. Distribution of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA-containing cells in the rat brain: an in situ hybridization study. J Comp Neurol. 1990;294(1):76\u201395.","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0167-9","volume":"44","author":"AL Heck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heck AL, Handa RJ. Sex differences in the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis\u2019 response to stress: an important role for gonadal hormones. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;44(1):45\u201358.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"732_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2016.02.004","volume":"234","author":"MR Green","year":"2016","unstructured":"Green MR, McCormick CM. Sex and stress steroids in adolescence: gonadal regulation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis in the rat. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2016;234:110\u20136.","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-018-0002-z","volume":"17","author":"DA Bangasser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bangasser DA, Wiersielis KR. Sex differences in stress responses: a critical role for corticotropin-releasing factor. Hormones. 2018;17(1):5\u201313.","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"issue":"6","key":"732_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1159\/000054555","volume":"71","author":"D Karandrea","year":"2000","unstructured":"Karandrea D, Kittas C, Kitraki E. Contribution of sex and cellular context in the regulation of brain corticosteroid receptors following restraint stress. Neuroendocrinology. 2000;71(6):343\u201353.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"19","key":"732_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(90)90340-W","volume":"46","author":"BB Turner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Turner BB. Sex difference in glucocorticoid binding in rat pituitary is estrogen dependent. Life Sci. 1990;46(19):1399\u2013406.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2016.tb00694.x","volume":"6","author":"JP Herman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herman JP, McKlveen JM, Ghosal S, Kopp B, Wulsin A, Makinson R, et al. Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical stress response. Compr Physiol. 2016;6(2):603\u201321.","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"732_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711065","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.711065","volume":"12","author":"TA Lovick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lovick TA, Zangrossi H. Effect of estrous cycle on behavior of females in rodent tests of anxiety. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:711065.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1440311","volume":"144","author":"MP Carey","year":"1995","unstructured":"Carey MP, Deterd CH, de Koning J, Helmerhorst F, de Kloet ER. The influence of ovarian steroids on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal regulation in the female rat. J Endocrinol. 1995;144(2):311\u201321.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"732_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-5-2503","volume":"129","author":"V Viau","year":"1991","unstructured":"Viau V, Meaney MJ. Variations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to stress during the estrous cycle in the rat. Endocrinology. 1991;129(5):2503\u201311.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90330-1","volume":"62","author":"VK Patchev","year":"1994","unstructured":"Patchev VK, Shoaib M, Holsboer F, Almeida OFX. The neurosteroid tetrahydroprogesterone counteracts corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced anxiety and alters the release and gene expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the rat hypothalamus. Neuroscience. 1994;62(1):265\u201371.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"732_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2006.01525.x","volume":"19","author":"T Ochedalski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ochedalski T, Subburaju S, Wynn PC, Aguilera G. Interaction between oestrogen and oxytocin on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. J Neuroendocrinol. 2007;19(3):189\u201397.","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"732_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00301-3","volume":"25","author":"E Young","year":"2001","unstructured":"Young E. Effects of estrogen antagonists and agonists on the ACTH response to restraint stress in female rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001;25(6):881\u201391.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2013.11.001","volume":"35","author":"RJ Handa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Handa RJ, Weiser MJ. Gonadal steroid hormones and the hypothalamo\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis. Front Neuroendocr. 2014;35(2):197\u2013220.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocr"},{"issue":"6","key":"732_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2004.01195.x","volume":"16","author":"JV Seale","year":"2004","unstructured":"Seale JV, Wood SA, Atkinson HC, Bate E, Lightman SL, Ingram CD, et al. Gonadectomy reverses the sexually diergic patterns of circadian and stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in male and female rats. J Neuroendocrinol. 2004;16(6):516\u201324.","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"732_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.07.021","volume":"1529","author":"RJ Handa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Handa RJ, Kudwa AE, Donner NC, McGivern RF, Brown R. Central 5-alpha reduction of testosterone is required for testosterone\u2019s inhibition of the hypothalamo-pituitary\u2013adrenal axis response to restraint stress in adult male rats. Brain Res. 2013;1529:74\u201382.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"732_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seale JV, Wood SA, Atkinson HV, Harbuz MS, Lightman SL. Gonadal steroid replacement reverses gonadectomy-induced changes in the corticosterone pulse profile and stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity of male and female rats. J Endocrinol. 2004;16(12):989\u201398.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2004.01258.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"732_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bqae119","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqae119","volume":"165","author":"V Sommers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sommers V, Gentenaar M, David K, Narinx N, Dubois V, Kroon J, et al. Androgens suppress corticosteroid binding globulin in male mice, affecting the endocrine stress response. Endocrinology. 2024;165(10):bqae119.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"732_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood GE, Shors TJ. Stress facilitates classical conditioning in males, but impairs classical conditioning in females through activational effects of ovarian hormones. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1998;95(7):4066\u20134071.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.7.4066"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.115.1.175","volume":"115","author":"GE Wood","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wood GE, Beylin AV, Shors TJ. The contribution of adrenal and reproductive hormones to the opposing effects of stress on trace conditioning males versus females. Behav Neurosci. 2001;115(1):175\u201387.","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab670","volume":"107","author":"J Brinks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brinks J, van Dijk EHC, Kie\u0142basa SM, Mei H, van der Veen I, Peters HAB, et al. The cortisol response of male and female choroidal endothelial cells: implications for central serous chorioretinopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 2021;107(2):512\u201324.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"key":"732_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.09.021","volume":"119","author":"AP Arnold","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arnold AP. Four core genotypes and XY* mouse models: update on impact on SABV research. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020;119:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0742-9","volume":"10","author":"W Paden","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paden W, Barko K, Puralewski R, Cahill KM, Huo Z, Shelton MA, et al. Sex differences in adult mood and in stress-induced transcriptional coherence across mesocorticolimbic circuitry. Translational Psychiatry. 2020;10(1):59.","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"732_CR66","first-page":"1","volume":"13","author":"B Hart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hart B, Shakespeare-Finch J. Intersex lived experience: trauma and posttraumatic growth in narratives. Psychol Sexuality. 2021;13(4):1\u201319.","journal-title":"Psychol Sexuality"},{"key":"732_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edn. 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR68","first-page":"2","volume":"3","author":"H Javidi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Javidi H, Yadollahie M. Post-traumatic stress disorder. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2012;3(1):2\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"732_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olff M. Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update. Eur J Psychotraumatology. 2017;8(sup4).","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1351204"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"732_CR70","first-page":"S25","volume":"15","author":"S Seedat","year":"2000","unstructured":"Seedat S, Stein DJ. Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder in women: a review. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;15(Suppl 3):S25\u201333.","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"732_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Benjet C, Bromet EJ, Cardoso G et al. Trauma and PTSD in the WHO world mental health surveys. Eur J Psychotraumatology. 2017;8(sup5).","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2017.1353383"},{"issue":"5","key":"732_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200519050-00004","volume":"19","author":"S Seedat","year":"2005","unstructured":"Seedat S, Stein DJ, Carey PD. Post-traumatic stress disorder in women. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(5):411\u201327.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"732_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.5.671","volume":"149","author":"N Breslau","year":"1992","unstructured":"Breslau N, Davis GC. Posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults: risk factors for chronicity. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149(5):671\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"732_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.06.005","volume":"66","author":"NM Garcia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garcia NM, Walker RS, Zoellner LA. Estrogen, progesterone, and the menstrual cycle: a systematic review of fear learning, intrusive memories, and PTSD. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;66:80\u201396.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"732_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nillni YI, Rasmusson AM, Paul EL, Pineles SL. The impact of the menstrual cycle and underlying hormones in anxiety and PTSD: what do we know and where do we go from here? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2021;23(2).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-01221-9"},{"key":"732_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green SA, Graham BM. Symptom fluctuation over the menstrual cycle in anxiety disorders, PTSD, and OCD: a systematic review. Archives Women\u2019s Mental Health. 2021;25.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-021-01187-4"},{"key":"732_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen JJ, Jain J, Merker JB, Webber TK, Huffman JC, Seligowski AV. The impact of PTSD on associations between sex hormones and cardiovascular disease symptoms. Eur J Psychotraumatology. 2024;15(1).","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2024.2320993"},{"key":"732_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.10.048","volume":"168","author":"M Wiseman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wiseman M, Hinks M, Hallett D, Blundell J, Sweeney E, Thorpe CM, et al. Evidence that ovarian hormones, but not diet and exercise, contribute to the sex disparity in post-traumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2023;168:213\u201320.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"732_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.120129","volume":"38","author":"E Glover","year":"2013","unstructured":"Glover E, Mercer K, Norrholm S, Davis M, Duncan E, Bradley B, et al. Inhibition of fear is differentially associated with cycling estrogen levels in women. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2013;38(5):341\u20138.","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"732_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.04.030","volume":"168","author":"MR Milad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Milad MR, Zeidan MA, Contero A, Pitman RK, Klibanski A, Rauch SL, et al. The influence of gonadal hormones on conditioned fear extinction in healthy humans. Neuroscience. 2010;168(3):652\u20138.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"732_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.10.006","volume":"87","author":"SF Miedl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miedl SF, Wegerer M, Kerschbaum H, Blechert J, Wilhelm FH. Neural activity during traumatic film viewing is linked to endogenous estradiol and hormonal contraception. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018;87:20\u20136.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.02.031","volume":"72","author":"EM Glover","year":"2012","unstructured":"Glover EM, Jovanovic T, Mercer KB, Kerley K, Bradley B, Ressler KJ, et al. Estrogen levels are associated with extinction deficits in women with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72(1):19\u201324.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"732_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.10.049","volume":"131","author":"RA Bryant","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bryant RA, Felmingham KL, Silove D, Creamer M, O\u2019Donnell M, McFarlane AC. The association between menstrual cycle and traumatic memories. J Affect Disord. 2011;131(1\u20133):398\u2013401.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"732_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110049","volume":"106","author":"B Cz\u00e9h","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cz\u00e9h B, Simon M. Benefits of animal models to understand the pathophysiology of depressive disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021;106:110049.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"732_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sarter M, Bruno JP. Animal models in biological psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry. 2002:37\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/0470854871.chiii","DOI":"10.1002\/0470854871.chiii"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.09.006","volume":"56","author":"R Yehuda","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yehuda R, LeDoux J. Response variation following trauma: a translational neuroscience approach to understanding PTSD. Neuron. 2007;56(1):19\u201332.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"732_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v5.i4.387","volume":"5","author":"B Borghans","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borghans B. Animal models for posttraumatic stress disorder: an overview of what is used in research. World J Psychiatry. 2015;5(4):387.","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilu006","volume":"55","author":"H Cohen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cohen H, Matar MA, Zohar J. Maintaining the clinical relevance of animal models in translational studies of post-traumatic stress disorder. ILAR J. 2014;55(2):233\u201345.","journal-title":"ILAR J"},{"issue":"10","key":"732_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.11.019","volume":"83","author":"J Deslauriers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deslauriers J, Toth M, Der-Avakian A, Risbrough VB. Current status of animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder: behavioral and biological phenotypes, and future challenges in improving translation. Biol Psychiatry. 2018;83(10):895\u2013907.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"732_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flandreau EI, Toth M. Animal models of PTSD: a critical review. Behav Neurobiol PTSD. 2018;38:47\u201368.","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2016_65"},{"issue":"8","key":"732_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0272-5","volume":"24","author":"G Richter-Levin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Richter-Levin G, Stork O, Schmidt MV. Animal models of PTSD: a challenge to be met. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24(8):1135\u201356.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"732_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.11.013","volume":"90","author":"B T\u00f6r\u00f6k","year":"2019","unstructured":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k B, Sipos E, Pivac N, Zelena D. Modelling posttraumatic stress disorders in animals. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;90:117\u201333.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0806-x","volume":"10","author":"A Verbitsky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verbitsky A, Dopfel D, Zhang N. Rodent models of post-traumatic stress disorder: behavioral assessment. Translational Psychiatry. 2020;10(1):1\u201328.","journal-title":"Translational Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"732_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000069","volume":"25","author":"AM Whitaker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Whitaker AM, Gilpin NW, Edwards S. Animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder and recent neurobiological insights. Behav Pharmacol. 2014;25(5):398\u2013409.","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"key":"732_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9554-7_19","volume":"2011","author":"L Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang L, Hu XZ, Li H, Li X, Yu T, Dohl J, et al. Updates in PTSD animal models characterization. Methods Mol Biology (Clifton NJ). 2019;2011:331\u201344.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biology (Clifton NJ)"},{"key":"732_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morena M, Mancini GF, Campolongo P. Prediction of susceptibility\/resilience toward animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Neuromethods. 2022;190:379\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-2748-8_18","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2748-8_18"},{"key":"732_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bali A, Jaggi AS. Electric foot shock stress: a useful tool in neuropsychiatric studies. Rev Neurosci. 2015;26(6).","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2015-0015"},{"key":"732_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berardi A, Trezza V, Palmery M, Trabace L, Cuomo V, Campolongo P. An updated animal model capturing both the cognitive and emotional features of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Front Behav Neurosci. 2014;8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00142"},{"key":"732_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colucci P, Marchetta E, Mancini GF, Alva P, Chiarotti F, Hasan MT et al. Predicting susceptibility and resilience in an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Translational Psychiatry. 2020;10(1).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00929-9"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.2.218","volume":"112","author":"EB Foa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Foa EB, Zinbarg R, Rothbaum BO. Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: an animal model. Psychol Bull. 1992;112(2):218\u201338.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"6","key":"732_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.305","volume":"43","author":"M Morena","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morena M, Berardi A, Colucci P, Palmery M, Trezza V, Hill MN, et al. Enhancing endocannabinoid neurotransmission augments the efficacy of extinction training and ameliorates traumatic stress-induced behavioral alterations in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;43(6):1284\u201396.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00088-7","volume":"39","author":"RS Pynoos","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pynoos RS, Ritzmann RF, Steinberg AM, Goenjian A, Prisecaru I. A behavioral animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder featuring repeated exposure to situational reminders. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;39(2):129\u201334.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"732_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100335","volume":"15","author":"ST Gonzalez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonzalez ST, Marty V, Spigelman I, Reise SP, Fanselow MS. Impact of stress resilience and susceptibility on fear learning, anxiety, and alcohol intake. Neurobiol Stress. 2021;15:100335.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"732_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajbhandari AK, Gonzalez ST, Fanselow MS. Stress-enhanced fear learning, a robust rodent model of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Vis Exp. 2018;140:58306.","DOI":"10.3791\/58306-v"},{"issue":"8","key":"732_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.04.010","volume":"29","author":"V Rau","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rau V, DeCola JP, Fanselow MS. Stress-induced enhancement of fear learning: an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews. 2005;29(8):1207\u201323.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"12","key":"732_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.06.030","volume":"82","author":"SE Sillivan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sillivan SE, Joseph NF, Jamieson S, King ML, Ch\u00e9vere-Torres I, Fuentes I, et al. Susceptibility and resilience to posttraumatic stress disorder\u2013like behaviors in inbred mice. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;82(12):924\u201333.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.024356.111","volume":"19","author":"D Knox","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knox D, George SA, Fitzpatrick CJ, Rabinak CA, Maren S, Liberzon I. Single prolonged stress disrupts retention of extinguished fear in rats. Learn Mem. 2012;19(2):43\u20139.","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"issue":"6","key":"732_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(97)00044-9","volume":"22","author":"I Liberzon","year":"1997","unstructured":"Liberzon I, Krstov M, Young EA. Stress-restress: effects on ACTH and fast feedback. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1997;22(6):443\u201353.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1999.00288.x","volume":"11","author":"I Liberzon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Liberzon I, L\u00f3pez JF, Flagel SB, V\u00e1zquez DM, Young EA. Differential regulation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors mRNA and fast feedback: relevance to post-traumatic stress disorder. J Neuroendocrinol. 1999;11(1):11\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"732_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00196","volume":"9","author":"MJ Lisieski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lisieski MJ, Eagle AL, Conti AC, Liberzon I, Perrine SA. Single-prolonged stress: a review of two decades of progress in a rodent model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:196.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"732_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.113096","volume":"401","author":"GF Mancini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mancini GF, Marchetta E, Riccardi E, Trezza M, Morena M, Campolongo P. Sex-divergent long-term effects of single prolonged stress in adult rats. Behav Brain Res. 2021;401:113096.","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"732_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00615","volume":"8","author":"RR Souza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Souza RR, Noble LJ, McIntyre CK. Using the single prolonged stress model to examine the pathophysiology of PTSD. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:615.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"732_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20629","volume":"26","author":"S Yamamoto","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yamamoto S, Morinobu S, Takei S, Fuchikami M, Matsuki A, Yamawaki S, et al. Single prolonged stress: toward an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(12):1110\u20137.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"11","key":"732_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300523","volume":"29","author":"H Cohen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cohen H, Zohar J, Matar MA, Zeev K, Loewenthal U, Richter-Levin G. Setting apart the affected: the use of behavioral criteria in animal models of post traumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(11):1962\u201370.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2012.05.002","volume":"102","author":"NLT Moore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moore NLT, Gauchan S, Genovese RF. Differential severity of anxiogenic effects resulting from a brief swim or underwater trauma in adolescent male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2012;102(2):264\u20138.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(98)00030-4","volume":"79","author":"G Richter-Levin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Richter-Levin G. Acute and long-term behavioral correlates of underwater trauma \u2014 potential relevance to stress and post-stress syndromes. Psychiatry Res. 1998;79(1):73\u201383.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"732_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.169","volume":"21","author":"G Ritov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ritov G, Boltyansky B, Richter-Levin G. A novel approach to PTSD modeling in rats reveals alternating patterns of limbic activity in different types of stress reaction. Mol Psychiatry. 2015;21(5):630\u201341.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"188","key":"732_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188ra73","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005656","volume":"5","author":"R Andero","year":"2013","unstructured":"Andero R, Brothers SP, Jovanovic T, Chen YT, Salah-Uddin H, Cameron M, et al. Amygdala-dependent fear is regulated by Oprl1 in mice and humans with PTSD. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5(188):188ra73.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"732_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.04.003","volume":"32","author":"A Armario","year":"2008","unstructured":"Armario A, Escorihuela RM, Nadal R. Long-term neuroendocrine and behavioural effects of a single exposure to stress in adult animals. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews. 2008;32(6):1121\u201335.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"732_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.06.012","volume":"233","author":"S Kedia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kedia S, Chattarji S. Marble burying as a test of the delayed anxiogenic effects of acute immobilisation stress in mice. J Neurosci Methods. 2014;233:150\u20134.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"732_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R846","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2001.281.3.R846","volume":"281","author":"P Meerlo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Meerlo P, Easton A, Bergmann BM, Turek FW. Restraint increases prolactin and REM sleep in C57BL\/6J mice but not in balb\/cj mice. Am J Physiology-regulatory Integr Comp Physiol. 2001;281(3):R846\u201354.","journal-title":"Am J Physiology-regulatory Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"26","key":"732_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9371","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504011102","volume":"102","author":"R Mitra","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mitra R, Jadhav S, McEwen BS, Vyas A, Chattarji S. Stress duration modulates the spatiotemporal patterns of spine formation in the basolateral amygdala. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2005;102(26):9371\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"732_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100286","volume":"14","author":"SA Torrisi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Torrisi SA, Lavanco G, Maurel OM, Gulisano W, Laudani S, Geraci F, et al. A novel arousal-based individual screening reveals susceptibility and resilience to PTSD-like phenotypes in mice. Neurobiol Stress. 2021;14:100286\u2013100286.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"732_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.10.006","volume":"59","author":"C Hammels","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hammels C, Pishva E, De Vry J, van den Hove DLA, Prickaerts J, van Winkel R, et al. Defeat stress in rodents: from behavior to molecules. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews. 2015;59:111\u201340.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"732_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang R, Daigle BJ Jr, Muhie SY, Hammamieh R, Jett M, Petzold L et al. Core modular blood and brain biomarkers in social defeat mouse model for post traumatic stress disorder. BMC Syst Biol. 2013;7(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-7-80"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2010.11.018","volume":"62","author":"R Adamec","year":"2012","unstructured":"Adamec R, Toth M, Haller J, Halasz J, Blundell J. Activation patterns of cells in selected brain stem nuclei of more and less stress responsive rats in two animal models of PTSD\u2013 predator exposure and submersion stress. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62(2):725\u201336.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"732_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(00)00105-X","volume":"10","author":"H Cohen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cohen H, Benjamin J, Kaplan Z, Kotler M. Administration of high-dose ketoconazole, an inhibitor of steroid synthesis, prevents posttraumatic anxiety in an animal model. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000;10(6):429\u201335.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"732_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2008.04.009","volume":"18","author":"J Zohar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zohar J, Matar MA, Ifergane G, Kaplan Z, Cohen H. Brief post-stressor treatment with pregabalin in an animal model for PTSD: short-term anxiolytic effects without long-term anxiogenic effect. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;18(9):653\u201366.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"732_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2016.06.003","volume":"284","author":"PR Zoladz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zoladz PR, Diamond DM. Predator-based psychosocial stress animal model of PTSD: preclinical assessment of traumatic stress at cognitive, hormonal, pharmacological, cardiovascular and epigenetic levels of analysis. Exp Neurol. 2016;284:211\u20139.","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"732_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2016.01.001","volume":"124","author":"Z Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu Z, Tian Q, Li F, Gao J, Liu Y, Mao M, et al. Behavioral changes over time in post-traumatic stress disorder: insights from a rat model of single prolonged stress. Behav Process. 2016;124:123\u20139.","journal-title":"Behav Process"},{"key":"732_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavlov I. Conditioned reflexes: an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex. Annals Neurosciences. 1927;17(3).","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972-7531.1017309"},{"issue":"15","key":"732_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.05.017","volume":"109","author":"TCM Bienvenu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bienvenu TCM, Dejean C, Jercog D, Aouizerate B, Lemoine M, Herry C. The advent of fear conditioning as an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder: learning from the past to shape the future of PTSD research. Neuron. 2021;109(15):2380\u201397.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"732_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belzung C, Lemoine M. Criteria of validity for animal models of psychiatric disorders: focus on anxiety disorders and depression. Biology Mood Anxiety Disorders. 2011;1(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-5380-1-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00427414","volume":"83","author":"P Willner","year":"1984","unstructured":"Willner P. The validity of animal models of depression. Psychopharmacology. 1984;83(1):1\u201316.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"732_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.05.014","volume":"107","author":"J Ding","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ding J, da Silva MS, Lingeman J, Chen X, Shi Y, Han F, et al. Late glucocorticoid receptor antagonism changes the outcome of adult life stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;107:169\u201378.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"732_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.11.029","volume":"70","author":"VG Olson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Olson VG, Rockett HR, Reh RK, Reh RK, Redila VA, Tran PM, Venkov HA, et al. The role of norepinephrine in differential response to stress in an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70(5):441\u20138.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"732_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong MJ, Lee C, Sung K, Jung JH, Pyo JH, Kim JH. Fear response-based prediction for stress susceptibility to PTSD-like phenotypes. Mol Brain. 2020;13(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-020-00667-5"},{"key":"732_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiacchierini G, Mancini GF, Di Cesare B, Romanelli L, Morena M, Campolongo P. A behavioral screening method for predicting PTSD-like phenotypes: novel application to female rats. J Neurosci Methods. 2025;110380.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2025.110380"},{"issue":"8","key":"732_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.09.015","volume":"95","author":"S Monari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Monari S, Guillot I, Grosse J, Zanoletti O, Walker SE, Mesquita M, et al. Blunted glucocorticoid responsiveness to stress causes behavioral and biological alterations that lead to posttraumatic stress disorder vulnerability. Biol Psychiatry. 2024;95(8):762\u201373.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"732_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.148551","volume":"206","author":"M Hoskins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hoskins M, Pearce J, Bethell A, Dankova L, Barbui C, Tol WA, et al. Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206(2):93\u2013100.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"732_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2008.4.459","volume":"49","author":"D Kozari\u0107-Kova\u010di\u0107","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kozari\u0107-Kova\u010di\u0107 D. Psychopharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder. Croatian Med J. 2008;49(4):459\u201375.","journal-title":"Croatian Med J"},{"issue":"258","key":"732_CR142","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"LE Watkins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Watkins LE, Sprang KR, Rothbaum BO, Treating PTSD. A review of evidence-based psychotherapy interventions. Front Behav Neurosci. 2018;12(258):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"732_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bisson JI, Roberts NP, Andrew M, Cooper R, Lewis C. Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Reviews. 2013;12(12).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003388.pub4"},{"issue":"3","key":"732_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2190\/PM.38.3.b","volume":"38","author":"DD Mendes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mendes DD, Mello MF, Ventura P, De Medeiros Passarela C, De Jesus Mari J. A systematic review on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2008;38(3):241\u201359.","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"732_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666221207162750","volume":"21","author":"E Marchetta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marchetta E, Mancini GF, Morena M, Campolongo P. Enhancing psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment with memory influencing drugs. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2023;21(3):687\u2013707.","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"732_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.02.004","volume":"28","author":"S Fidelman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fidelman S, Zer-Aviv TM, Lange R, Hillard CJ, Irit, Akirav. Chronic treatment with URB597 ameliorates post-stress symptoms in a rat model of PTSD. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018;28(5):630\u201342.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.155","volume":"18","author":"D de Quervain","year":"2016","unstructured":"de Quervain D, Schwabe L, Roozendaal B. Stress, glucocorticoids and memory: implications for treating fear-related disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016;18(1):7\u201319.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"732_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding J, Chen X, Han F, Meijer OC. An advanced transcriptional response to corticosterone after single prolonged stress in male rats. Front Behav Neurosci. 2021;15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.756903"},{"key":"732_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.08.011","volume":"130","author":"MJ van Gelderen","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Gelderen MJ, Nijdam MJ, de Vries F, Meijer OC, Vermetten E. Exposure-related cortisol predicts outcome of psychotherapy in veterans with treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;130:387\u201393.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5643","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v1i0.5643","volume":"1","author":"R Yehuda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yehuda R, Bierer LM, Pratchett L, Malowney M. Glucocorticoid augmentation of prolonged exposure therapy: rationale and case report. Eur J Psychotraumatology. 2010;1(1):5643.","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatology"},{"key":"732_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.08.004","volume":"51","author":"R Yehuda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yehuda R, Bierer LM, Pratchett LC, Lehrner A, Koch EC, Van Manen JA, et al. Cortisol augmentation of a psychological treatment for warfighters with posttraumatic stress disorder: randomized trial showing improved treatment retention and outcome. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;51:589\u201397.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.06.014","volume":"95","author":"AH Pantoja-Urb\u00e1n","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pantoja-Urb\u00e1n AH, Richer S, Mittermaier A, Giroux M, Nouel D, Hernandez G, et al. Gains and losses: resilience to social defeat stress in adolescent female mice. Biol Psychiatry. 2024;95(1):37\u201347.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"732_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi A, Chung JR, Zhang S, Zhang H, Grossman Y, Aleyasin H et al. Establishment of a repeated social defeat stress model in female mice. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12811-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"732_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31442-w","volume":"13","author":"E Velasco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Velasco E, Florido A, Flores \u00c1, Senabre E, Gomez-Gomez A, Torres A, et al. PACAP-PAC1R modulates fear extinction via the ventromedial hypothalamus. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):4374.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"732_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rechlin RK, Splinter TFL, Hodges TE, Albert AY, Galea LAM. An analysis of neuroscience and psychiatry papers published from 2009 and 2019 outlines opportunities for increasing discovery of sex differences. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29903-3"},{"key":"732_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2019.100817","volume":"56","author":"LAM Galea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Galea LAM, Choleris E, Albert AYK, McCarthy MM, Sohrabji F. The promises and pitfalls of sex difference research. Front Neuroendocr. 2020;56:100817.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocr"}],"container-title":["Biology of Sex Differences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13293-025-00732-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13293-025-00732-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13293-025-00732-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T16:07:03Z","timestamp":1751386023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bsd.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13293-025-00732-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13293-025-00732-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-6410"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-6410","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"50"}}