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Understanding how these differences manifest across the Alzheimer\u2019s continuum can improve early detection, diagnostics, and interventions. We examined sex differences in the association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pTau181\/A\u03b242 ratio changes and verbal memory decline across the preclinical and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) stages of AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective, longitudinal, observational study, data were extracted from 401 participants (age range: 55-87.8, 98% non-Hispanic White) of the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort study who were classified as either preclinical AD (78 females, 73 males) or MCI (104 females, 146 males) at baseline and had CSF pTau181\/A\u03b242 ratio and cognitive assessment data at at-least two timepoints. Using regression models, we examined the relationship between changes in CSF pTau181\/A\u03b242 and verbal memory across all available time points and the moderating role of sex and AD stage over a mean follow-up period of 4 years. Verbal memory was represented by a composite z-score averaging Learning and Delayed Recall z-scores of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Covariates included baseline age, education, and apolipoprotein E genotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A significant sex * diagnostic group * biomarker change interaction (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      =-17.47, 95%CI\u2009=\u200927.60 to -7.33,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.001) indicated that sex differences in the relationship between changes in CSF pTau181\/A\u03b242 ratio and verbal memory differed by disease stage. While males in the preclinical AD stage showed steeper memory decline than females with increasing pTau181\/A\u03b242 ratios, this difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, in the MCI stage, a significant sex * biomarker change interaction (\n                      <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910.17, 95% CI\u2009=\u20094.94 to 15.40,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) indicated that females exhibited significantly steeper memory decline associated with increasing pTau181\/A\u03b242 ratios compared to males.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sex differences in the relationship between AD biomarker levels and cognitive decline vary by disease stage. Although not statistically significant, females demonstrated resilience to memory decline in the preclinical stage, whereas, in the MCI stage, they experienced significantly steeper memory loss compared to males. Results suggest that accounting for sex in biomarker-based methods of disease detection and tracking can improve early detection and intervention in both sexes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-025-00820-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T01:31:55Z","timestamp":1768527115000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sex differences in the relationship of biomarker change to memory decline in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an observational cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Erin E.","family":"Sundermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Bondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maricedes Acosta","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anat","family":"Biegon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay J.","family":"Rotblatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hildebrandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"820_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s A. 2024 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. 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