{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T15:01:11Z","timestamp":1771858871053,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012681","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum K\u00f6ln","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012681","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Sex Differ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Problematic smartphone use has been associated with altered reward and executive control network activity, yet potential sex differences in the underlying neural mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. We investigated sex-specific neural correlates of smartphone cue reactivity (CR) in 69 healthy young adult smartphone users (age range 18\u201330 years, female\/male\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200945\/24). Participants completed the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) and underwent functional MRI during a smartphone CR paradigm. In addition, resting-state data were acquired to ensure that neural differences between female and male participants could be attributed to the CR paradigm rather than to sex differences in intrinsic neural activity. Whole-brain analyses revealed stronger activation in males compared to females in response to the presentation of smartphone cues within the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG), thalamus, cortical sensorimotor, parietal and occipital regions, whereas females showed no suprathreshold clusters compared to males. No overlap with resting-state amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation maps was observed with CR results, confirming task specificity. In males, right MFG correlated positively with SPAI-I total score, craving, and sleep interference scores, while in females, right parietal cortex activity correlated negatively with SPAI-I total score, daily life interference, and craving. Complementary cross-modal analyses showed that CR-related activation patterns were associated with several cortical excitatory and inhibitory neuronal and cellular markers, revealing subtle sex differences. These findings suggest sex-specific frontoparietal mechanisms underlying smartphone CR and highlight neurochemical pathways potentially linking excessive smartphone use to differential motivational and cognitive control processes in males compared to females.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-026-00835-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T01:44:14Z","timestamp":1769823854000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex-specific neural responses to smartphone cues in young adults"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nadine D.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike M.","family":"Schmitgen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gudrun M.","family":"Henemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Haage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Koenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert Christian","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"835_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"kkad001","DOI":"10.1093\/psyrad\/kkad001","volume":"3","author":"C Montag","year":"2023","unstructured":"Montag C, Becker B. Neuroimaging the effects of smartphone (over-)use on brain function and structure-a review on the current state of MRI-based findings and a roadmap for future research. Psychoradiology. 2023;3:kkad001.","journal-title":"Psychoradiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"835_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2350-x","volume":"19","author":"S Sohn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sohn S, et al. Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and young people: a systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):356.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"835_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2025.111531","volume":"142","author":"ND Wolf","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wolf ND, et al. Screens and brains: multimodal neuroimaging insights into mechanisms of problematic smartphone use. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2025;142:111531.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"835_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032","volume":"104","author":"M Brand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brand M, et al. The interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: Update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;104:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"835_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.59","volume":"7","author":"HJ Rumpf","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rumpf HJ, et al. Including gaming disorder in the ICD-11: the need to do so from a clinical and public health perspective. J Behav Addict. 2018;7(3):556\u201361.","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"key":"835_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00675","volume":"7","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang Y, et al. Cue-induced behavioral and neural changes among excessive internet gamers and possible application of cue exposure therapy to internet gaming disorder. Front Psychol. 2016;7:675.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"835_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2023.0548","volume":"27","author":"X Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu X, An X, Chen S. Trends and influencing factors in problematic smartphone use prevalence (2012\u20132022): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2024;27(9):616\u201334.","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"issue":"2","key":"835_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.28","volume":"7","author":"SY Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee SY, et al. Distinct patterns of internet and smartphone-related problems among adolescents by gender: latent class analysis. J Behav Addict. 2018;7(2):454\u201365.","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"issue":"1","key":"835_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1503-z","volume":"17","author":"B Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen B, et al. Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone addiction: a cross-sectional study among medical college students. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17(1):341.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"835_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06961-7","volume":"25","author":"Z Tian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tian Z, et al. The association between bedtime smartphone use and anxiety symptoms: a network analysis of Chinese residents. BMC Psychiatry. 2025;25(1):545.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"835_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020443","volume":"18","author":"H Son","year":"2021","unstructured":"Son H, Park S, Han G. Gender differences in parental impact on problematic smartphone use among Korean adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18020443.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"835_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04395-z","volume":"22","author":"L Hong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hong L, et al. Distinct patterns of problematic smartphone use and related factors in Chinese college students. BMC Psychiatry. 2022;22(1):747.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"835_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2025.108766","volume":"173","author":"L Wazulin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wazulin L, et al. Investigation of smartphone use characteristics underlying problematic smartphone use by dense longitudinal smartphone tracking. Comput Human Behav. 2025;173:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"835_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30889","DOI":"10.2196\/30889","volume":"4","author":"E Claesdotter-Knutsson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Claesdotter-Knutsson E, et al. Gender-based differences and associated factors surrounding excessive smartphone use among adolescents: cross-sectional study. JMIR Pediatr Parent. 2021;4(4):e30889.","journal-title":"JMIR Pediatr Parent"},{"key":"835_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anbumalar C, Binu Sahayam D. Brain and smartphone addiction: a systematic review. Hum Behav Emerg Technol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/5592994.","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5592994"},{"key":"835_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105572","volume":"159","author":"M Leon Mendez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leon Mendez M, et al. Effects of internet and smartphone addiction on cognitive control in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review of fMRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024;159:105572.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"835_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.39","volume":"7","author":"K Starcke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Starcke K, et al. Cue-reactivity in behavioral addictions: A meta-analysis and methodological considerations. J Behav Addict. 2018;7(2):227\u201338.","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"issue":"1","key":"835_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1159\/000527095","volume":"29","author":"GM Henemann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Henemann GM, et al. Neurochemical correlates of cue reactivity in individuals with excessive smartphone use. Eur Addict Res. 2023;29(1):71\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"835_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2025.108610","volume":"167","author":"MM Schmitgen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schmitgen MM, et al. Effects of smartphone restriction on cue-related neural activity. Comput Human Behav. 2025;167:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Comput Human Behav"},{"key":"835_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106422","volume":"108","author":"MM Schmitgen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schmitgen MM, et al. Neural correlates of cue reactivity in individuals with smartphone addiction. Addict Behav. 2020;108:106422.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"835_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-021-00618-3","volume":"22","author":"I Dhingra","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dhingra I, et al. Sex differences in neural responses to reward and the influences of individual reward and punishment sensitivity. BMC Neurosci. 2021;22(1):12.","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"835_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaa104","volume":"15","author":"KG Warthen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Warthen KG, et al. Sex differences in the human reward system: convergent behavioral, autonomic and neural evidence. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2020;15(7):789\u2013801.","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"issue":"14","key":"835_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291724001600","volume":"54","author":"S Young","year":"2024","unstructured":"Young S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the severity of core symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in females and males. Psychol Med. 2024;54(14):1\u201322.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"835_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-025-01434-4","volume":"13","author":"A Sobieska","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sobieska A, et al. Sex\/gender-specific association between emotion regulation strategies and eating disorders symptoms: a systematic review. J Eat Disord. 2025;13(1):246.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"835_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70044","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.70044","volume":"52","author":"LC Wei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wei LC, Chiu HJ. Sex steroid control of serotonergic system: clinical implications for psychiatric disorders and addiction treatment. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2025;52(6):e70044.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"835_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-025-00706-7","volume":"16","author":"N Barrios","year":"2025","unstructured":"Barrios N, et al. Preclinical and clinical sex differences in the effects of alcohol on measures of brain dopamine: a systematic review. Biol Sex Differ. 2025;16(1):24.","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"issue":"3","key":"835_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-015-0054-5","volume":"2","author":"K Polak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Polak K, et al. Gender considerations in addiction: implications for treatment. Curr Treat Options Psychiatry. 2015;2(3):326\u201338.","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"835_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12382","volume":"21","author":"C Sanchis-Segura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sanchis-Segura C, Becker JB. Why we should consider sex (and study sex differences) in addiction research. Addict Biol. 2016;21(5):995\u20131006.","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"835_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e326","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291725102250","volume":"55","author":"A Maxwell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maxwell A, Rawls E, Zilverstand A. Sex\/gender differences in orbitofrontal cortex reactivity underlying the associations between stress, social relationships, and problematic alcohol use. Psychol Med. 2025;55:e326.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"835_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106334","volume":"105","author":"J Horvath","year":"2020","unstructured":"Horvath J, et al. Structural and functional correlates of smartphone addiction. Addict Behav. 2020;105:106334.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"835_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25244","volume":"42","author":"J Dukart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dukart J, et al. JuSpace: A tool for Spatial correlation analyses of magnetic resonance imaging data with nuclear imaging derived neurotransmitter maps. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021;42(3):555\u201366.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"2","key":"835_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000062","volume":"27","author":"JS Lemmens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lemmens JS, Valkenburg PM, Gentile DA. The internet gaming disorder scale. Psychol Assess. 2015;27(2):567\u201382.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"4","key":"835_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.4.2015.037","volume":"4","author":"S Haug","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haug S, et al. Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(4):299\u2013307.","journal-title":"J Behav Addict"},{"issue":"25","key":"835_CR34","first-page":"419","volume":"114","author":"L Wartberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wartberg L, Kriston L, Thomasius R. The prevalence and psychosocial correlates of internet gaming disorder. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017;114(25):419\u201324.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"835_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98312","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098312","volume":"9","author":"YH Lin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lin YH, et al. Development and validation of the smartphone addiction inventory (SPAI). PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e98312.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"835_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.05.039","volume":"63","author":"L Pavia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pavia L, et al. Smartphone addiction inventory (SPAI): psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;63:170\u20138.","journal-title":"Comput Hum Behav"},{"key":"835_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004","volume":"4","author":"AT Beck","year":"1961","unstructured":"Beck AT, et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561\u201371.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"835_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2026","volume":"69","author":"A Beck","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beck A, et al. Effect of brain structure, brain function, and brain connectivity on relapse in alcohol-dependent patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(8):842\u201352.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"835_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-016-9299-4","volume":"14","author":"CG Yan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yan CG, et al. DPABI: data processing & analysis for (resting-state) brain imaging. Neuroinformatics. 2016;14(3):339\u201351.","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"835_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460010306","volume":"1","author":"KJ Friston","year":"1994","unstructured":"Friston KJ, et al. Assessing the significance of focal activations using their Spatial extent. Hum Brain Mapp. 1994;1(3):210\u201320.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"1","key":"835_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1996)4:1<58::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"4","author":"KJ Worsley","year":"1996","unstructured":"Worsley KJ, et al. A unified statistical approach for determining significant signals in images of cerebral activation. Hum Brain Mapp. 1996;4(1):58\u201373.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"3","key":"835_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.018","volume":"59","author":"JD Power","year":"2012","unstructured":"Power JD, et al. Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion. NeuroImage. 2012;59(3):2142\u201354.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"835_CR43","unstructured":"Brett M et al. Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox [Abstract]. .Presented at the 8th International Conferance on FunctionalMapping of the Human Brain, June 2-6, 2002, Sendai, Japan. Available on CD-ROM in NeuroImage, Vol 16, No 2, abstract 497"},{"issue":"8","key":"835_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.05.025","volume":"70","author":"HW Chase","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chase HW, et al. The neural basis of drug stimulus processing and craving: an activation likelihood Estimation meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70(8):785\u201393.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"835_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.06.013","volume":"26","author":"HR Noori","year":"2016","unstructured":"Noori HR, Linan AC, Spanagel R. Largely overlapping neuronal substrates of reactivity to drug, gambling, food and sexual cues: a comprehensive meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26(9):1419\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"835_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.12.004","volume":"36","author":"Y Yalachkov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yalachkov Y, Kaiser J, Naumer MJ. Functional neuroimaging studies in addiction: multisensory drug stimuli and neural cue reactivity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012;36(2):825\u201335.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"835_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-021-01132-0","volume":"47","author":"NP Friedman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Friedman NP, Robbins TW. The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2022;47(1):72\u201389.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"7","key":"835_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2389-14.2015","volume":"35","author":"J Bahlmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bahlmann J, Aarts E, D\u2019Esposito M. Influence of motivation on control hierarchy in the human frontal cortex. J Neurosci. 2015;35(7):3207\u201317.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"835_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.01.002","volume":"112","author":"M Wolff","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wolff M, Halassa MM. The mediodorsal thalamus in executive control. Neuron. 2024;112(6):893\u2013908.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"835_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0220-9","volume":"8","author":"CA Hanlon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hanlon CA, et al. Cortical substrates of cue-reactivity in multiple substance dependent populations: transdiagnostic relevance of the medial prefrontal cortex. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8(1):186.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"835_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang Y, et al. Sex and hormonal effects on drug cue reactivity and its regulation in human addiction. Biol Psychiatry; 2025.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.18.24317491"},{"issue":"2","key":"835_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0803-z","volume":"220","author":"SC Krall","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krall SC, et al. The role of the right temporoparietal junction in attention and social interaction as revealed by ALE meta-analysis. Brain Struct Funct. 2015;220(2):587\u2013604.","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"issue":"1","key":"835_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsad077","volume":"19","author":"M Gerosa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gerosa M, et al. Cognitive reappraisal of food craving and emotions: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2024;19(1):1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/scan\/nsad077.","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"835_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim DY, et al. Regulation of craving for real-time fMRI neurofeedback based on individual classification. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2024;379(1915):20230094.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2023.0094"},{"issue":"3","key":"835_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-024-03008-z","volume":"87","author":"A Doyle","year":"2025","unstructured":"Doyle A, et al. Information-driven attentional capture. Atten Percept Psychophys. 2025;87(3):721\u20137.","journal-title":"Atten Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"835_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang SM, Wang DY, Guan ZH. Craving and attentional bias in gaming: Comparing esports, casual, and high-risk gamers using eye-tracking. Computers in Human Behavior, 2025. Volume 168(July 2025, 108662).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2025.108662"},{"key":"835_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1022","volume":"14","author":"F Zheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zheng F, et al. Association between mobile phone use and inattention in 7102 Chinese adolescents: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1022.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"835_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2023.100643","volume":"14","author":"M Sivasubramanian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sivasubramanian M. Problematic smartphone usage, prevalence and patterns among university students: A systematic review. J Affect Disorders Rep. 2023;14:100643.","journal-title":"J Affect Disorders Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"835_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tgaa025","DOI":"10.1093\/texcom\/tgaa025","volume":"1","author":"G Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li G, et al. Neural responses to reward in a gambling task: sex differences and individual variation in reward-Driven impulsivity. Cereb Cortex Commun. 2020;1(1):tgaa025.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex Commun"},{"key":"835_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117171","volume":"221","author":"G Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li G, et al. Neural responses to negative facial emotions: sex differences in the correlates of individual anger and fear traits. NeuroImage. 2020;221:117171.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"835_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2025.111515","volume":"142","author":"AM Kaag","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kaag AM, Cousijn J, Kroon E. Unravelling gender differences in cannabis cue-reactivity in individuals who use cannabis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2025;142:111515.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"835_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0125-6","volume":"44","author":"JB Becker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Becker JB, Chartoff E. Sex differences in neural mechanisms mediating reward and addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019;44(1):166\u201383.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"835_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23963","volume":"95","author":"JB Becker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Becker JB, McClellan ML, Reed BG. Sex differences, gender and addiction. J Neurosci Res. 2017;95(1\u20132):136\u201347.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"835_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.06.022","volume":"128","author":"E Courtiol","year":"2021","unstructured":"Courtiol E, Menezes EC, Teixeira CM. Serotonergic regulation of the dopaminergic system: implications for reward-related functions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;128:282\u201393.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"835_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addicn.2024.100187","volume":"14","author":"A Hiroyuki","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hiroyuki A, Akihiko O. Serotonin circuits act cooperatively with pathophysiology of opioid use disorder. Addict Neurosci. 2025;14:1\u201318.","journal-title":"Addict Neurosci"},{"key":"835_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2025.111509","volume":"142","author":"E Nadler","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nadler E, et al. Astrocyte alterations and dysfunction in alcohol use disorder: A comprehensive scoping review of clinical postmortem and preclinical evidence. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2025;142:111509.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"18","key":"835_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14181454","volume":"14","author":"S Ray","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ray S, et al. Astrocytes and astrocyte-derived extracellular conduits in opiate-mediated neurological disorders. Cells. 2025;14(18):1\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14181454.","journal-title":"Cells"}],"container-title":["Biology of Sex Differences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13293-026-00835-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13293-026-00835-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13293-026-00835-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T14:03:30Z","timestamp":1771855410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13293-026-00835-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["835"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13293-026-00835-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2042-6410"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2042-6410","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty at Heidelberg University, Germany, reference numbers S-308\/2018 and S-045\/2021. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"39"}}