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Human genetic studies have identified NEGR1 variants as risk factors for a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders. These disorders often display sex-specific differences in prevalence, progression, and behavioral impairment, reflecting underlying maladaptive changes in neural circuitry. Findings from preclinical studies using\n                      <jats:italic>Negr1<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mice show several hippocampal-based behavioral and anatomical endophenotypes relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders. The hippocampus, a key region implicated in these disorders, exhibits sex-dependent anatomical features that may shape the functional impact of Negr1. However, the mechanisms driving these sex-specific characteristics have not yet been elucidated. Here, we uncover sex-specific molecular signatures and pathways associated with Negr1, using\n                      <jats:italic>Negr1<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mice, a genetically relevant animal model for neuropsychiatric risk.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed label-free quantitative proteomic analysis using eight replicates of hippocampi dissected from male and female wild-type, and\n                      <jats:italic>Negr1<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mice. Differentially abundant proteins were subjected to functional annotation for Gene Ontology and Protein-Protein interaction using STRING analysis. NEGR1 cellular localization was examined by immunofluorescent in rat brain and human hippocampal sections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Differential expression analysis identified 232 proteins in males and 172 in females. STRING analysis revealed sex-specific regulation of proteins. In males, proteins linked to neurofilament organization, myelin integrity, and postsynaptic structure were downregulated, with parvalbumin (Pvalb, PV) around the central node. In contrast, proteins related to mitochondrial and stress-response pathways were upregulated. Female\n                      <jats:italic>Negr1<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      hippocampus showed downregulation of proteins involved in translation and amide biosynthetic processes. Colocalization of NEGR1 with PV interneurons in the rat brain and the human hippocampus was observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We demonstrate, for the first time, distinct sex differences in the hippocampal proteome and identify molecular networks in\n                      <jats:italic>Negr1<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mice. Co-localization of NEGR1 and PV in human brain tissue provides anatomical and translational validation of a proteomic target. These findings provide new insight, offering a valuable resource for understanding NEGR1-related sex-specific mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-026-00890-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:25:12Z","timestamp":1774527912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sex-specific changes in the hippocampal proteome of Negr1\u2212\/\u2212 mice: insight into the mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Srirathi","family":"Muthuraman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohan","family":"Jayaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liisi","family":"Promet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toomas","family":"Jagom\u00e4e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun Kumar","family":"Devarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas-Christian","family":"Hade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari-Anne","family":"Philips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katyayani","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eero","family":"Vasar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"890_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/17588928.2020.1800617","volume":"12","author":"F Kurth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kurth F, Gaser C, Luders E. 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