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The pathological process transitions from acute phases predominantly driven by inflammation to progressive clinical profiles where neurodegeneration takes precedence. It is known that sex plays a crucial role in this heterogeneity; females are two to three times more likely to suffer from multiple sclerosis, while males suffer from more rapid neurodegeneration with greater severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To gain insight into the sex-based molecular differences, we processed single cell datasets from the central nervous system and the peripheral blood, covering the different courses of multiple sclerosis. We generated cell-type specific landscapes, including gene signatures from differentially expressed genes, functional profiling, pathway activation, and cell-cell communication networks for females, males, and their sex differential profiles. Among our findings, we revealed that female neurons may exhibit protective mechanisms against neurodegeneration. In the inflammatory-predominant forms, female immune cells present an inflammatory core driven by the AP-1 transcription factor, while male adaptive immune cells exhibit higher mitochondrial impairment. Conversely, larger differences are reported in CD8\u2009+\u2009T cells progressive forms, with males exhibiting cytolytic profiles that may promote neurodegeneration. Complete results can be explored in the interactive webtool\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/irsoler.shinyapps.io\/cbl-atlas-ms\/\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/irsoler.shinyapps.io\/cbl-atlas-ms\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified cell-type specific sex differences in brain and immune cells that vary in the spectrum of multiple sclerosis. We consider this molecular description a valuable resource to promote future targeted approaches considering the sex of the individual.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-026-00957-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T04:14:44Z","timestamp":1784866484000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single cell landscape of sex differences in the different courses of multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Soler-S\u00e1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Borja","family":"G\u00f3mez-Caba\u00f1es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Grillo-Risco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Galiana-Rosell\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Barea-Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor","family":"Carceller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"de la Iglesia-Vay\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Gil-Perotin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanja","family":"Tepav\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta R.","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8354-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"957_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30481-1","volume":"391","author":"AJ Thompson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson AJ, Baranzini SE, Geurts J, Hemmer B, Ciccarelli O. 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