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After the Chernobyl accident, an increase in thyroid cancer among children was observed in regions affected by \u00b9\u00b3\u00b9I fallout, particularly among young girls. Reasons for these age- and sex-specific differences in response to low doses of \u00b9\u00b3\u00b9I are not fully understood, but variations in biodistribution and absorbed dose may be contributing factors. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the influence of sex and age at exposure on the biodistribution and dosimetry of\n                      <jats:sup>131<\/jats:sup>\n                      I.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were internally exposed to 0.36 MBq \u00b9\u00b3\u00b9I at 5 or 17 weeks of age, corresponding to young and adult exposure groups. The\n                      <jats:sup>131<\/jats:sup>\n                      I activity concentration of 16 vital tissues was measured at six time points (1\u2013144\u00a0h post-injection) and used to estimate the mean absorbed dose to each organ. Sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) protein expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry and western blot.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The thyroid showed the highest \u00b9\u00b3\u00b9I activity concentration at 18\u00a0h in males and 24\u00a0h in females, regardless of age. All non-thyroid tissues showed substantially lower activity concentrations, with the stomach having the second-highest levels. Statistically significant sex differences were determined in all tissues, with the most pronounced effect in the thyroid, where females consistently had higher activity concentrations compared to males. Age at exposure also impacted the biodistribution in some tissues. These differences led to pronounced variations in the absorbed dose. The absorbed dose to the thyroid ranged from 23\u00a0Gy\/MBq in adult males to 100\u00a0Gy\/MBq in young females. Protein quantification of NIS showed high individual variability but no clear difference between the groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results demonstrate that sex and age at exposure affect \u00b9\u00b3\u00b9I biodistribution and absorbed dose in rats, particularly in the thyroid. The observed differences in absorbed dose may partly explain the variation in susceptibility to thyroid cancer in exposed populations reported after the Chernobyl accident. Further research is needed to clarify the underlying biological and mechanistic drivers of these differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-026-00989-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T12:55:18Z","timestamp":1789736118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex and age at exposure influence 131I biodistribution and dosimetry in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anja","family":"Schroff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klara","family":"Insulander Bj\u00f6rk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishte","family":"Rassol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torgny","family":"Lundberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Bakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Spetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Forssell-Aronsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"989_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1946.02870190005002","volume":"131","author":"S Hertz","year":"1946","unstructured":"Hertz S, Roberts A. 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