{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:15:16Z","timestamp":1783653316637,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":52,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Hebei Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["H2025307052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2025307052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Medical Science Research Project of Hebei","award":["20240855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20240855"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJNMMI Res"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-026-01450-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T08:15:05Z","timestamp":1779178505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distinguishing lymphoma from benign lymphadenopathy in fever of unknown origin using a diagnostic model based on PET\/CT and clinical-laboratory parameters"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xinchao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalong","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congna","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruming","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenglian","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5616-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanzhu","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1450_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-016-1083-9","volume":"128","author":"M Unger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Unger M, Karanikas G, Kerschbaumer A, Winkler S, Aletaha D. Fever of unknown origin (FUO) revised. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. 2016;128:796\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00508-016-1083-9.","journal-title":"Wiener klinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"1450_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.22.28726","volume":"221","author":"CJ Palestro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Palestro CJ, Brandon DC, Dibble EH, Keidar Z, Kwak JJ. FDG PET in Evaluation of Patients With Fever of Unknown Origin: AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review. Am J Roentgenol. 2023;221:151\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.22.28726.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"1450_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2111003","volume":"386","author":"G Haidar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Haidar G, Longo DL, Singh N. Fever of Unknown Origin. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:463\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2111003.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1450_CR4","first-page":"2625","volume":"14","author":"M Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu M, Wulipan F, Ma J, Qian W, Sun S, Chen P, et al. Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of lymphoma patients initially presenting with fever of unknown origin. Am J Transl Res. 2022;14:2625\u201336.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"1450_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-04665-7","volume":"149","author":"J Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen J, Xu D, Sun W-J, Wang W-X, Xie N-N, Ruan Q-R, et al. Differential diagnosis of lymphoma with 18F-FDG PET\/CT in patients with fever of unknown origin accompanied by lymphadenopathy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2023;149:7187\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00432-023-04665-7.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1450_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S409","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1520","volume":"71","author":"T Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu T, Wang L, Wu S, Zhou F, Huang H. Utility of a Simple Scoring System in Differentiating Bacterial Infections in Cases of Fever of Unknown Origin. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:S409\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1520.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1450_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4340","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-200545","volume":"144","author":"K Antel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Antel K, Merrill MH, Xiong N, McGrath L, Wu M-X, van der Schyff M, et al. Access to Diagnosis through Liquid Biopsy (ADLiB): A Cell-Free DNA Assay to Diagnose Lymphoma and Differentiate from Other Causes of Enlarged Lymph Nodes. Blood. 2024;144:4340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2024-200545.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1450_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12372-w","volume":"24","author":"D Saatci","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saatci D, Zhu C, Harnden A, Hippisley-Cox J. Presentation of B-cell lymphoma in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2024;24:718.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"1450_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3632","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13243632","volume":"13","author":"J Cheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cheng J, Lin Y, Lin Y, Wu R, Lu HY, Yang L, et al. Machine Learning Radiomics Signature for Differentiating Lymphoma versus Benign Splenomegaly on CT. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13:3632.","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"1450_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12445-5","volume":"12","author":"M Banoei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Banoei M, Mah\u00e9 E, Mansoor A, Stewart D, Winston BW, Habibi HR, et al. NMR-based metabolomic profiling can differentiate follicular lymphoma from benign lymph node tissues and may be predictive of outcome. Sci Rep. 2022;12:8294.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1450_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4949","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-118826","volume":"132","author":"V Gupta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gupta V, Gor S, Cheema AS, Bajwa R, Edelman C, Wasserman EJ. Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis, a Benign Mimic of Lymphoma Presenting with B Symptoms. Blood. 2018;132:4949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2018-99-118826.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1450_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000005450","volume":"50","author":"AS Parihar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Parihar AS, Wahl RL, Jahromi AH. 68 Ga-DOTATATE and 18 F-FDG PET\/CT in a Rapidly Progressing Lymphoma. Clin Nucl Med. 2025;50:e64\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/RLU.0000000000005450.","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med"},{"key":"1450_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s40644-024-00810-8","volume":"24","author":"Z Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun Z, Yang T, Ding C, Shi Y, Cheng L, Jia Q, et al. Clinical scoring systems, molecular subtypes and baseline [(18)F]FDG PET\/CT image analysis for prognosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Imaging. 2024;24:168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40644-024-00810-8.","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"1450_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2024-203645","volume":"144","author":"CK Nair","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nair CK, Nayak L, Korula A, Karunakaran P, Menon A, Biswajit D, et al. Impact of Consolidation Radiotherapy in Bulky Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma By PET Based Response Assessment. Blood. 2024;144:3078\u2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2024-203645.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"1450_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim SY, Chung HW, So Y, Lee MH, Lee EJ. Recent Updates of PET in Lymphoma: FDG and Beyond. Biomedicines. 2024;12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines12112485.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12112485"},{"key":"1450_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-024-01171-w","volume":"14","author":"X Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang X, Jing F, Hu Y, Tian C, Zhang J, Li S, et al. Distinguishing lymphoma from benign lymph node diseases in fever of unknown origin using PET\/CT radiomics. EJNMMI Res. 2024;14:106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13550-024-01171-w.","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res"},{"key":"1450_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37779","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037779","volume":"103","author":"MH Cheng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheng MH, Xie LJ. Distinguishing Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease from lymphoma in patients by clinical and PET\/CT features. Med (Baltim). 2024;103:e37779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000037779.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"1450_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07640-8","volume":"22","author":"D Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen D, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Zhu D, Liu Z, Li T, et al. Clinical features and (18)F-FDG PET\/CT for distinguishing of malignant lymphoma from inflammatory lymphadenopathy in HIV-infected patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22:646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07640-8.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"1450_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-017-1521-y","volume":"11","author":"C Dalugama","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dalugama C, Gawarammana IB. Fever with lymphadenopathy - Kikuchi Fujimoto disease, a great masquerader: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2017;11:349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13256-017-1521-y.","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"1450_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e049840","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049840","volume":"12","author":"B Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu B, Chen TM, Liu SP, Hu HL, Guo LY, Chen HY, et al. Fever of unknown origin (FUO) in children: a single-centre experience from Beijing, China. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e049840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049840.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"1450_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa132","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa132","volume":"7","author":"WF Wright","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wright WF, Auwaerter PG. Fever and Fever of Unknown Origin: Review, Recent Advances, and Lingering Dogma. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7:ofaa132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa132.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"1450_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-022-00937-4","volume":"12","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen J, Xing M, Xu D, Xie N, Zhang W, Ruan Q, et al. Diagnostic models for fever of unknown origin based on 18F-FDG PET\/CT: a prospective study in China. EJNMMI Res. 2022;12:69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13550-022-00937-4.","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res"},{"key":"1450_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brisset J, Jamilloux Y, Dumonteil S, Lades G, Killian M, Gerfaud-Valentin M, et al. Characteristics and Clinical Value of 18F-FDG PET\/CT in the Management of Adult-Onset Still\u2019s Disease: 35 Cases. J Clin Med. 2021;10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10112489.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112489"},{"key":"1450_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang R, Liang L, Li D, Bai Y, Li X. Analysis of the clinical manifestations and 18F-FDG PET-CT findings in 40 patients with histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis. Medicine. 2021;100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000027189.","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000027189"},{"key":"1450_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.030","volume":"93","author":"W-X Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang W-X, Cheng Z-T, Zhu J-L, Xing M-Y, Zheng C-F, Wang S-J, et al. Combined clinical parameters improve the diagnostic efficacy of 18F-FDG PET\/CT in patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO) and inflammation of unknown origin (IUO): A prospective study in China. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;93:77\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.030.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["EJNMMI Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13550-026-01450-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13550-026-01450-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13550-026-01450-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T02:43:29Z","timestamp":1783651409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13550-026-01450-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1450"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13550-026-01450-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2191-219X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2191-219X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in the study and involving human participants were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Hebei general Hospital (No. 2024-LW-081). This retrospective analysis was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hebei general Hospital, and the requirement of informed consent was waived.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"108"}}