{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T13:09:39Z","timestamp":1793884179853,"version":"4.7.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Projekt DEAL"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\u00a0(<jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>.)\u00a0<jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\u00a0as a multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogen is an emerging challenge for clinicians worldwide. Virulence factors are capsular antigens, adherence factors, the O-lipopolysaccharide, and siderophores promoting infectivity. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance are inactivation of compounds via enzymes, change of membrane permeability, and alteration of the target site of the antimicrobial compound. In addition to environmental resistance, <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> can survive increasing concentrations of disinfectants, if exposed. This review describes the temporal and spatial distribution of<jats:italic>\u00a0K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in the past decades in Germany, with emphases on the development of resistance in the non-human columns of the One-Health concept. In general, <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> is a neglected pathogen in veterinary and environmental health, and the risk of human infection concerning animal contact and food consumption is barely investigated. Few reports exist (n\u2009=\u200926) on antibiotic resistance of isolates from non-human origin. Multi-drug resistance and extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (MDR-ESBL) strains also resistant to carbapenems and antibiotics of the \u00df-lactam group harbor\u00a0<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>CTX-M,\u00a0<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>OXA,\u00a0<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>TEM,\u00a0<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>SHV,\u00a0<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>CMY, and PMQR have been found in animals, foods, and the environment. Colistin resistant strains carrying the\u00a0<jats:italic>mcr<\/jats:italic>-1 gene were detected in wastewater.\u00a0The <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>CTX-M-15 and\u00a0<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>OXA-48 genes are the most frequently identified AMR genes in isolates of humans and were also the most predominant ESBL-genes in samples collected from animal hosts. Several aspects of the molecular epidemiology and resistance development of\u00a0<jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\u00a0in farm animal populations, wildlife, and foods need intensive research. Environmental health has to be integrated into national research plans, as a lack of data is apparent. Increasing awareness of the fact that non-human sources can act as a reservoir for this pathogen has to be raised.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-00875-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T23:00:13Z","timestamp":1612825213000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["The Animal-foods-environment interface of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Germany: an observational study on pathogenicity, resistance development and the current situation"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6259-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gamal","family":"Wareth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"875_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-018-1532-0","volume":"200","author":"A Melo-Nascimento","year":"2018","unstructured":"Melo-Nascimento A, Treumann C, Neves C, Andrade E, Andrade AC, Edwards R, Dinsdale E, Bruce T (2018) Functional characterization of ligninolytic Klebsiella spp. strains associated with soil and freshwater. Arch Microbiol 200:1267\u20131278","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-30746-X_8","volume-title":"The prokaryotes: volume 6: proteobacteria: gamma subclass","author":"S Brisse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Brisse S, Grimont F, Grimont PAD (2006) The Genus Klebsiella. In: Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Schleifer K-H, Stackebrandt E (eds) The prokaryotes: volume 6: proteobacteria: gamma subclass. Springer, New York, pp 159\u2013196"},{"key":"875_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475067","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2475067","volume":"2016","author":"S Santajit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Santajit S, Indrawattana N (2016) Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens. Biomed Res Int 2016:2475067","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"875_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190019882867","author":"ME Bradley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bradley ME, Scoular SK (2019) Metastatic Klebsiella pneumoniae Invasive liver abscess syndrome in Denver, Colorado. J Pharm Pract. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0897190019882867","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract."},{"key":"875_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0153561","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153561","volume":"11","author":"Y Guo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guo Y, Zhou H, Qin L, Pang Z, Qin T, Ren H, Pan Z, Zhou J (2016) Frequency, antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae in food samples. PLoS One 11:e0153561","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"875_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.57.113","volume":"57","author":"N Kikuchi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kikuchi N, Blakeslee JR, Hiramune T (1995) Plasmid profiles of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from horses. J Vet Med Sci 57:113\u2013115","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"875_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0120","volume":"76","author":"N Saishu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Saishu N, Ozaki H, Murase T (2014) CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from cases of bovine mastitis in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 76:1153\u20131156","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"875_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7266","volume":"97","author":"JA Hertl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hertl JA, Schukken YH, Welcome FL, Tauer LW, Grohn YT (2014) Pathogen-specific effects on milk yield in repeated clinical mastitis episodes in Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 97:1465\u20131480","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"875_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0479","volume":"91","author":"GG Paulin-Curlee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paulin-Curlee GG, Sreevatsan S, Singer RS, Isaacson R, Reneau J, Bey R, Foster D (2008) Molecular subtyping of mastitis-associated Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates shows high levels of diversity within and between dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 91:554\u2013563","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"875_CR10","unstructured":"RKI, Epidemiologisches Bulletin (2013). Robert Koch Institut 2013, no 19, pp 167\u2013171. http:\/\/www.rki.de\/DE\/Content\/Infekt\/EpidBull\/Archiv\/2013\/Ausgaben\/19_13.pdf?__blob=publicationFile"},{"key":"875_CR11","first-page":"858","volume":"114","author":"C Remschmidt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Remschmidt C, Schneider S, Meyer E, Schroeren-Boersch B, Gastmeier P, Schwab F (2017) Surveillance of antibiotic use and resistance in intensive care units (SARI). Dtsch Arztebl Int 114:858\u2013865","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"875_CR12","first-page":"399","volume":"127","author":"T Eckmanns","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eckmanns T, Richter D, Feig M (2014) MRSA and ESBL in outpatient: development from 2008 up to 2012 and socio demographic differences. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 127:399\u2013402","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"875_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2003.tb11507.x","volume":"218","author":"YC Lai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lai YC, Lin GT, Yang SL, Chang HY, Peng HL (2003) Identification and characterization of KvgAS, a two-component system in Klebsiella pneumoniae CG43. FEMS Microbiol Lett 218:121\u2013126","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"875_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00442","volume":"7","author":"L Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu L, Ye M, Li X, Li J, Deng Z, Yao YF, Ou HY (2017) Identification and characterization of an antibacterial type VI secretion system in the carbapenem-resistant strain Klebsiella pneumoniae HS11286. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 7:442","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70092","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070092","volume":"8","author":"CR Hsu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hsu CR, Lin TL, Pan YJ, Hsieh PF, Wang JT (2013) Isolation of a bacteriophage specific for a new capsular type of Klebsiella pneumoniae and characterization of its polysaccharide depolymerase. PLoS One 8:e70092","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"875_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-17-1-67","volume":"17","author":"AM Simoons-Smit","year":"1984","unstructured":"Simoons-Smit AM, Verwey-van Vught AM, Kanis IY, MacLaren DM (1984) Virulence of Klebsiella strains in experimentally induced skin lesions in the mouse. J Med Microbiol 17:67\u201377","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.40.1.56-61.1983","volume":"40","author":"K Mizuta","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mizuta K, Ohta M, Mori M, Hasegawa T, Nakashima I, Kato N (1983) Virulence for mice of Klebsiella strains belonging to the O1 group: relationship to their capsular (K) types. Infect Immun 40:56\u201361","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"875_CR18","first-page":"46","volume":"191","author":"R Podschun","year":"1991","unstructured":"Podschun R, Sahly H (1991) Hemagglutinins of Klebsiella pneumoniae and K. oxytoca isolated from different sources. Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed 191:46\u201352","journal-title":"Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed"},{"key":"875_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.1.44-55.1992","volume":"60","author":"A Darfeuille-Michaud","year":"1992","unstructured":"Darfeuille-Michaud A, Jallat C, Aubel D, Sirot D, Rich C, Sirot J, Joly B (1992) R-plasmid-encoded adhesive factor in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains responsible for human nosocomial infections. Infect Immun 60:44\u201355","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"875_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.6.2266-2273.1996","volume":"64","author":"P Di Martino","year":"1996","unstructured":"Di Martino P, Livrelli V, Sirot D, Joly B, Darfeuille-Michaud A (1996) A new fimbrial antigen harbored by CAZ-5\/SHV-4-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains involved in nosocomial infections. Infect Immun 64:2266\u20132273","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"875_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.1.56-62.1999","volume":"37","author":"DS Hansen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hansen DS, Mestre F, Alberti S, Hern\u00e1ndez-All\u00e9s S, Alvarez D, Dom\u00e9nech-S\u00e1nchez A, Gil J, Merino S, Tom\u00e1s JM, Bened\u00ed VJ (1999) Klebsiella pneumoniae lipopolysaccharide O typing: revision of prototype strains and O-group distribution among clinical isolates from different sources and countries. J Clin Microbiol 37:56\u201362","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.50.3.787-795.1985","volume":"50","author":"DC Straus","year":"1985","unstructured":"Straus DC, Atkisson DL, Garner CW (1985) Importance of a lipopolysaccharide-containing extracellular toxic complex in infections produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Immun 50:787\u2013795","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"875_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02322.x","volume":"44","author":"P Williams","year":"1987","unstructured":"Williams P, Chart H, Griffiths E, Stevenson P (1987) Expression of high affinity iron uptake systems by clinical isolates of Klebsiella. FEMS Microbiol Lett 44:407\u2013412","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"875_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0882-4010(03)00125-6","volume":"35","author":"R Koczura","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koczura R, Kaznowski A (2003) Occurrence of the Yersinia high-pathogenicity island and iron uptake systems in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microb Pathog 35:197\u2013202","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"875_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1086\/315831","volume":"182","author":"S Schubert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schubert S, Cuenca S, Fischer D, Heesemann J (2000) High-pathogenicity island of Yersinia pestis in enterobacteriaceae isolated from blood cultures and urine samples: prevalence and functional expression. J Infect Dis 182:1268\u20131271","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"875_CR26","first-page":"39","volume":"12","author":"I Albesa","year":"1980","unstructured":"Albesa I, Eraso AJ, Frigerio CI, Lubetkin AM (1980) Outbreak of hospital infection, due to members of the Klebsielleae tribe, in an intensive care unit for infants. Rev Argent Microbiol 12:39\u201343","journal-title":"Rev Argent Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.42.2.838-841.1983","volume":"42","author":"FA Klipstein","year":"1983","unstructured":"Klipstein FA, Engert RF, Houghten RA (1983) Immunological properties of purified Klebsiella pneumoniae heat-stable enterotoxin. Infect Immun 42:838\u2013841","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"875_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-4959(01)00490-0","volume":"131","author":"R Preneta","year":"2002","unstructured":"Preneta R, Jarraud S, Vincent C, Doublet P, Duclos B, Etienne J, Cozzone AJ (2002) Isolation and characterization of a protein-tyrosine kinase and a phosphotyrosine-protein phosphatase from Klebsiella pneumoniae, Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B Biochem Mol Biol 131:103\u2013112","journal-title":"Part B Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"875_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0141","author":"B Lohr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lohr B, Pfeifer Y, Heudorf U, Rangger C, Norris DE, Hunfeld KP (2017) High prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in Libyan war casualties admitted to a tertiary care hospital, Germany. Microb Drug Resist. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2017.0141","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"875_CR30","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin","author":"S Schwarz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schwarz S, Cloeckaert A, Roberts M (2006) Mechanisms and spread of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. In: Aarestrup F (ed) Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria of Animal Origin. ASM Press, Washington, pp 73\u201398"},{"key":"875_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku217","volume":"69","author":"C Ewers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ewers C, Stamm I, Pfeifer Y, Wieler LH, Kopp PA, Schonning K, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Scheufen S, Stolle I, Gunther S, Bethe A (2014) Clonal spread of highly successful ST15-CTX-M-15 Klebsiella pneumoniae in companion animals and horses. J Antimicrob Chemother 69:2676\u20132680","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"875_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-187","volume":"14","author":"J Schmiedel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schmiedel J, Falgenhauer L, Domann E, Bauerfeind R, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Imirzalioglu C, Chakraborty T (2014) Multiresistant extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from humans, companion animals and horses in central Hesse, Germany. BMC Microbiol 14:187","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0155786","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155786","volume":"11","author":"I Loncaric","year":"2016","unstructured":"Loncaric I, Beiglbock C, Fessler AT, Posautz A, Rosengarten R, Walzer C, Ehricht R, Monecke S, Schwarz S, Spergser J, Kubber-Heiss A (2016) Characterization of ESBL- and AmpC-Producing and fluoroquinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from mouflons (Ovis orientalis musimon) in Austria and Germany. PLoS One 11:e0155786","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"875_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2005.08.014","volume":"8","author":"JM Thomson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thomson JM, Bonomo RA (2005) The threat of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria: beta-lactams in peril! Curr Opin Microbiol 8:518\u2013524","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.005850-0","volume":"58","author":"S Grobner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grobner S, Linke D, Schutz W, Fladerer C, Madlung J, Autenrieth IB, Witte W, Pfeifer Y (2009) Emergence of carbapenem-non-susceptible extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates at the university hospital of Tubingen Germany. J Med Microbiol 58:912\u2013922","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt259","volume":"68","author":"I Stolle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stolle I, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Stamm I, Scheufen S, Hassdenteufel E, Guenther S, Bethe A, Pfeifer Y, Ewers C (2013) Emergence of OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in dogs. J Antimicrob Chemother 68:2802\u20132808","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"875_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01265","volume":"9","author":"S Pulss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pulss S, Stolle I, Stamm I, Leidner U, Heydel C, Semmler T, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Ewers C (2018) Multispecies and clonal dissemination of OXA-48 carbapenemase in Enterobacteriaceae from companion animals in Germany, 2009\u20132016. Front Microbiol 9:1265","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(03)00126-2","volume":"22","author":"FM Wagenlehner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wagenlehner FM, Heisig P, Irtenkauf C, Notka F, Decker J, Lehn N, Linde H (2003) Clinically significant borderline resistance of sequential clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int J Antimicrob Agents 22:367\u2013373","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"875_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.02.002","volume":"216","author":"A de Jong","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Jong A, Muggeo A, El Garch F, Moyaert H, de Champs C, Guillard T (2018) Characterization of quinolone resistance mechanisms in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from companion animals in Europe (ComPath II study). Vet Microbiol 216:159\u2013167","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.02.001","volume":"171","author":"B Guerra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guerra B, Fischer J, Helmuth R (2014) An emerging public health problem: acquired carbapenemase-producing microorganisms are present in food-producing animals, their environment, companion animals and wild birds. Vet Microbiol 171:290\u2013297","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3830","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/010173-0","volume":"153","author":"P Schierack","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schierack P, Walk N, Reiter K, Weyrauch KD, Wieler LH (2007) Composition of intestinal Enterobacteriaceae populations of healthy domestic pigs. Microbiology (Reading, England) 153:3830\u20133837","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading, England)"},{"key":"875_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01914","volume":"8","author":"X Zhou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhou X, Garcia-Cobos S, Ruijs G, Kampinga GA, Arends JP, Borst DM, Moller LV, Holman ND, Schuurs TA, van BruijnesteijnCoppenraet LE, Weel JF, van Zeijl JH, Kock R, Rossen JWA, Friedrich (2017) Epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E coli and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci in the Northern Dutch-German cross-border region. Front Microbiol. 8:1914","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"875_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.05.022","volume":"281","author":"P von Tippelskirch","year":"2018","unstructured":"von Tippelskirch P, Golz G, Projahn M, Daehre K, Friese A, Roesler U, Alter T, Orquera S (2018) Prevalence and quantitative analysis of ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in broiler chicken during slaughter in Germany. Int J Food Microbiol 281:82\u201389","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR44","first-page":"260","volume":"48","author":"L Steger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steger L, Rinder M, Korbel R (2020) [Phenotypical antibiotic resistances of bacteriological isolates originating from pet, zoo and falconry birds], Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K Kleintiere\/Heimtiere 48:260\u2013269","journal-title":"Ausgabe K Kleintiere\/Heimtiere"},{"key":"875_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450500267825","volume":"34","author":"R Raue","year":"2005","unstructured":"Raue R, Schmidt V, Freick M, Reinhardt B, Johne R, Kamphausen L, Kaleta EF, Muller H, Krautwald-Junghanns ME (2005) A disease complex associated with pigeon circovirus infection, young pigeon disease syndrome. Avian Pathol 34:418\u2013425","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"875_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1638\/2009-0240.1","volume":"41","author":"S Schroff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schroff S, Schmidt V, Kiefer I, Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Pees M (2010) Ultrasonographic diagnosis of an endocarditis valvularis in a Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus) with pneumonia. J Zoo Wildlife Med 41:721\u2013724","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildlife Med"},{"key":"875_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12636","volume":"117","author":"J Stenkat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stenkat J, Krautwald-Junghanns ME, Schmitz OA, Eilers A, Schmidt V (2014) Aerobic cloacal and pharyngeal bacterial flora in six species of free-living birds. J Appl Microbiol 117:1564\u20131571","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-014-0947-6","volume":"11","author":"V Schmidt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schmidt V, Mock R, Burgkhardt E, Junghanns A, Ortlieb F, Szabo I, Marschang R, Blindow I, Krautwald-Junghanns M-E (2014) Cloacal aerobic bacterial flora and absence of viruses in free-living slow worms (Anguis fragilis), grass snakes (Natrix natrix) and european adders (Vipera berus) from Germany. EcoHealth 11:571\u2013580","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"875_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06876-0","author":"MJ Hallinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hallinger MJ, Taubert A, Hermosilla C (2020) Endoparasites infecting exotic captive amphibian pet and zoo animals (Anura, Caudata) in Germany. Parasitol Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-020-06876-0","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"875_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.02.006","volume":"9","author":"A Touati","year":"2017","unstructured":"Touati A, Mairi A, Baloul Y, Lalaoui R, Bakour S, Thighilt L, Gharout A, Rolain JM (2017) First detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing OXA-48 in fresh vegetables from Bejaia city Algeria. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 9:17\u201318","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"875_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200400030","volume":"48","author":"S Boehme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boehme S, Werner G, Klare I, Reissbrodt R, Witte W (2004) Occurrence of antibiotic-resistant enterobacteria in agricultural foodstuffs. Mol Nutr Food Res 48:522\u2013531","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"875_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990503","volume":"5","author":"PJ Taormina","year":"1999","unstructured":"Taormina PJ, Beuchat LR, Slutsker L (1999) Infections associated with eating seed sprouts: an international concern. Emerg Infect Dis 5:626\u2013634","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"875_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01118-17","author":"G Carl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carl G, Jackel C, Grutzke J, Hertwig S, Grobbel M, Malorny B, Rau J, Kasbohrer A, Hammerl JA (2017) Complete genome sequence of the temperate Klebsiella pneumoniae phage KPP5665\u20132. Genome Announc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/genomeA.01118-17","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"key":"875_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-029","volume":"81","author":"TTT Vu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vu TTT, Alter T, Roesler U, Roschanski N, Huehn S (2018) Investigation of extended-spectrum and AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from retail seafood in Berlin Germany. J Food Protect. 81:1079\u20131086","journal-title":"J Food Protect."},{"key":"875_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8952","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65635-4","volume":"10","author":"J Alexander","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alexander J, Hembach N, Schwartz T (2020) Evaluation of antibiotic resistance dissemination by wastewater treatment plant effluents with different catchment areas in Germany. Sci Rep 10:8952","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"875_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0232-4393(85)80042-1","volume":"140","author":"W Stelzer","year":"1985","unstructured":"Stelzer W, Ziegert E, Schneider E (1985) Occurrence of antibiotic-resistant klebsiellas in waste water. Zentralblatt fur Mikrobiologie 140:283\u2013291","journal-title":"Zentralblatt fur Mikrobiologie"},{"key":"875_CR57","first-page":"459","volume":"184","author":"V Mersch-Sundermann","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mersch-Sundermann V, Wundt W (1987) Bacteriologic quality of water from the Rhine and its tributaries in the Rhine-Neckar region I. Bacterial count and Enterobacteriaceae of the current status of pollution. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg B 184:459\u2013469","journal-title":"Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg B"},{"key":"875_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3325","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.7.3325-3327.2001","volume":"67","author":"R Podschun","year":"2001","unstructured":"Podschun R, Pietsch S, Holler C, Ullmann U (2001) Incidence of Klebsiella species in surface waters and their expression of virulence factors. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:3325\u20133327","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.09.019","volume":"83","author":"M Faulde","year":"2013","unstructured":"Faulde M, Spiesberger M (2013) Role of the moth fly Clogmia albipunctata (Diptera: Psychodinae) as a mechanical vector of bacterial pathogens in German hospitals. J Hosp Infect 83:51\u201360","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"875_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0134533","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134533","volume":"10","author":"S Garcia-Cobos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garcia-Cobos S, Kock R, Mellmann A, Frenzel J, Friedrich AW, Rossen JW (2015) Molecular typing of Enterobacteriaceae from pig holdings in North-Western Germany reveals extended- spectrum and AmpC beta-lactamases producing but no carbapenem resistant ones. PLoS ONE 10:e0134533","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"875_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01282","volume":"8","author":"N Hembach","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hembach N, Schmid F, Alexander J, Hiller C, Rogall ET, Schwartz T (2017) Occurrence of the mcr-1 colistin resistance gene and other clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes in microbial populations at different municipal wastewater treatment plants in Germany. Front Microbiol 8:1282","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.11.011","author":"M Tietgen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tietgen M, Semmler T, Riedel-Christ S, Kempf VAJ, Molinaro A, Ewers C, Gottig S (2017) Impact of the colistin resistance gene mcr-1 on bacterial fitness. Int J Antimicrob Agents. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.11.011","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"875_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13574","volume":"123","author":"L Rehberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rehberg L, Frontzek A, Melhus A, Bockmuhl DP (2017) Prevalence of beta-lactamase genes in domestic washing machines and dishwashers and the impact of laundering processes on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 123:1396\u20131406","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00914-16","author":"S Koberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koberg S, Brinks E, Fiedler G, Husing C, Cho GS, Hoeppner MP, Heller KJ, Neve H, Franz CM (2017) Genome sequence of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteriophage PMBT1 isolated from raw sewage. Genome Announc. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/genomeA.00914-16","journal-title":"Genome Announc"},{"key":"875_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02779","volume":"10","author":"L Falgenhauer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Falgenhauer L, Schwengers O, Schmiedel J, Baars C, Lambrecht O, He\u00df S, Berendonk TU, Falgenhauer J, Chakraborty T, Imirzalioglu C (2019) Multidrug-resistant and clinically relevant Gram-negative bacteria are present in German surface waters. Front Microbiol 10:2779","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"875_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02748","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02748-19","volume":"86","author":"M Savin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Savin M, Bierbaum G, Hammerl JA, Heinemann C, Parcina M, Sib E, Voigt A, Kreyenschmidt J (2020) ESKAPE bacteria and extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from wastewater and process water from German poultry slaughterhouses. Appl Environ Microbiol 86(8):e02748-e2819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.02748-19","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00085-10","volume":"54","author":"M Hentschke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hentschke M, Wolters M, Sobottka I, Rohde H, Aepfelbacher M (2010) ramR mutations in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to tigecycline. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:2720\u20132723","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"875_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02654-18","author":"Y Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang Y, Higgins CH, Rehman I, Galvao KN, Brito IL, Bicalho ML, Song J, Wang H, Bicalho RC (2019) Genomic diversity, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains from cows and humans. Appl Environ Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.02654-18","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"875_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.02.016","volume":"44","author":"YM Ah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ah YM, Kim AJ, Lee JY (2014) Colistin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Int J Antimicrob Agents 44:8\u201315","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"875_CR70","unstructured":"Kaspar H (2015) GERMAP 2015\u2013antimicrobial resistance and consumption. 123. ISBN 978-3-9818383-0-5"},{"issue":"5","key":"875_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050812","volume":"10","author":"A L\u00e9on","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00e9on A, Castagnet S, Maillard K, Paillot R, Giard JC (2020) Evolution of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of equine clinical isolates in France between 2016 and 2019. Animals (Basel) 10(5):812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10050812","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"875_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9070387","volume":"9","author":"I Loncaric","year":"2020","unstructured":"Loncaric I, Misic D, Szostak MP, K\u00fcnzel F, Sch\u00e4fer-Somi S, Spergser J (2020) Broad-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant and\/or fluoroquinolone-resistant enterobacterales associated with canine and feline urogenital infections. Antibiotics 9(7):387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics9070387","journal-title":"Antibiotics"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-020-00875-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13567-020-00875-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-020-00875-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T05:56:06Z","timestamp":1612850166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13567-020-00875-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-020-00875-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1297-9716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1297-9716","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Obtained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"16"}}