{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T20:59:46Z","timestamp":1777755586015,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582243200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2017YFD0501300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0501300"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31520103916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31520103916"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31872467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Innovative and Enterpreneurial Research Team Program","award":["2014ZT05S123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014ZT05S123"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013284","name":"Program for JLU Science and Technology Innovative Research Team","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013284","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trichinellosis, which is caused by <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>), is a serious zoonosis. Pigs play an important role in the transmission of human trichinellosis. Characterizing the immune response to <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic> infection is key to elucidating host\u2013parasite interactions. However, most studies on the immune response to <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic> infection have employed murine models. In this study, we investigated the immune response to <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic> infection in pigs. The results showed that the average numbers of larvae per gram (lpg) for the 100-muscle larvae (ML), 1000-ML, and 10 000-ML groups were 1.502, 35.947, and 398.811, respectively. The percentages of CD3+ T cells, B cells, CD4+ T cells, Treg cells, and Th17 cells were elevated in the infection groups compared to the control animals. In contrast, CD8+ T cell percentages were reduced after infection in the low-dose group. The number of neutrophils was increased at 3\u201317\u00a0days post-infection (dpi). Th1 cytokine IL-2 levels were significantly decreased at 7 dpi, and Th2 cytokine IL-4 levels were significantly elevated at 3 dpi. Treg cytokine IL-10 levels were significantly elevated between 7 dpi and 30 dpi. Th17 cytokine IL-17A levels were significantly increased beginning at 11 dpi. These results confirmed that pigs infected with <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic> predominantly induced Th2 and Treg immune responses, which suppress the Th1 immune responses. This study provides novel insights into the immune response of pigs infected with <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-020-0741-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T13:03:06Z","timestamp":1582290186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Primary characterization of the immune response in pigs infected with Trichinella spiralis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuelin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongfei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuenong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongbin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2333-1358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"741_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00026-08","volume":"22","author":"B Gottstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nockler K (2009) Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 22:127\u2013145","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"741_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217290","volume":"14","author":"K Loreck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Loreck K, Mitrenga S, Meemken D, Heinze R, Reissig A, Mueller E, Ehricht R, Engemann C, Greiner M (2019) Development of a miniaturized protein microarray as a new serological IgG screening test for zoonotic agents and production diseases in pigs. PLoS One 14:e0217290","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"741_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.12.025","volume":"190","author":"J Cui","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cui J, Wang ZQ (2011) An epidemiological overview of swine trichinellosis in China. Vet J 190:323\u2013328","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"741_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1515\/helmin-2015-0023","volume":"52","author":"ZQ Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang ZQ, Ren HJ, Li LZ, Cui J (2015) Clinical and etiological study of a small familiar outbreak of trichinellosis in Tibet, China. Helminthologia 52:130\u2013133","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"741_CR5","volume-title":"Trichinella Spiralis (Trichnellosis)","author":"P Rawla","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rawla P, Sharma S (2019) Trichinella Spiralis (Trichnellosis). StatPearls, Treasure Island"},{"key":"741_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.01.038","volume":"194","author":"J Cui","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cui J, Jiang P, Liu LN, Wang ZQ (2013) Survey of Trichinella infections in domestic pigs from Northern and Eastern Henan, China. Vet Parasitol 194:133\u2013135","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"741_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5240-x","volume":"115","author":"P Jiang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jiang P, Zhang X, Wang LA, Han LH, Yang M, Duan JY, Sun GG, Qi X, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J (2016) Survey of Trichinella infection from domestic pigs in the historical endemic areas of Henan province, central China. Parasitol Res 115:4707\u20134709","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"741_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2008","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22112008","volume":"22","author":"K Brodaczewska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brodaczewska K, Wolaniuk N, Lewandowska K, Donskow-Lysoniewska K, Doligalska M (2017) Biodegradable chitosan decreases the immune response to Trichinella spiralis in mice. Molecules 22:E2008","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"741_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2016.08.001","volume":"65","author":"Z Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu Z, Nagano I, Takahashi Y, Maekawa Y (2016) Practical methods for collecting Trichinella parasites and their excretory-secretory products. Parasitol Int 65:591\u2013595","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"741_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12412","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12412","volume":"39","author":"C Della Bella","year":"2017","unstructured":"Della Bella C, Benagiano M, De Gennaro M, Gomez-Morales MA, Ludovisi A, D\u2019Elios S, Luchi S, Pozio E, D\u2019Elios MM, Bruschi F (2017) T-cell clones in human trichinellosis: evidence for a mixed Th1\/Th2 response. Parasite Immunol 39:e12412","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"741_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.1.233-239.2002","volume":"70","author":"MA Morales","year":"2002","unstructured":"Morales MA, Mele R, Sanchez M, Sacchini D, De Giacomo M, Pozio E (2002) Increased CD8(+)-T-cell expression and a type 2 cytokine pattern during the muscular phase of Trichinella infection in humans. Infect Immun 70:233\u2013239","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"741_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2174\/187153012799279081","volume":"12","author":"F Bruschi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bruschi F, Chiumiento L (2012) Immunomodulation in trichinellosis: does Trichinella really escape the host immune system? Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 12:4\u201315","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"741_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2948973","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2948973","volume":"2019","author":"Z Qu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qu Z, Li W, Zhang N, Li L, Yan H, Li T, Cui J, Yang Y, Jia W, Fu B (2019) Comparative genomic analysis of Trichinella spiralis reveals potential mechanisms of adaptive evolution. Biomed Res Int 2019:2948973","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"741_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0689-0","volume":"50","author":"HN Ren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ren HN, Liu RD, Song YY, Zhuo TX, Guo KX, Zhang Y, Jiang P, Wang ZQ, Cui J (2019) Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of molting-related proteins of Trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae. Vet Res 50:70","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"741_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001449","volume":"142","author":"M Zarowiecki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zarowiecki M, Berriman M (2015) What helminth genomes have taught us about parasite evolution. Parasitology 142(Suppl 1):S85\u201397","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"741_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001008010","volume":"123","author":"I Nagano","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nagano I, Wu Z, Nakada T, Matsuo A, Takahashi Y (2001) Molecular cloning and characterization of a serine proteinase inhibitor from Trichinella spiralis. Parasitology 123:77\u201383","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"741_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523875","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/523875","volume":"2015","author":"L Sofronic-Milosavljevic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sofronic-Milosavljevic L, Ilic N, Pinelli E, Gruden-Movsesijan A (2015) Secretory products of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae and immunomodulation: implication for autoimmune diseases, allergies, and malignancies. J Immunol Res 2015:523875","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"741_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02069","volume":"8","author":"J Ding","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ding J, Bai X, Wang X, Shi H, Cai X, Luo X, Liu M, Liu X (2017) Immune cell responses and cytokine profile in intestines of mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. Front Microbiol 8:2069","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"741_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.02.014","volume":"134","author":"YR Yu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yu YR, Deng MJ, Lu WW, Jia MZ, Wu W, Qi YF (2013) Systemic cytokine profiles and splenic toll-like receptor expression during Trichinella spiralis infection. Exp Parasitol 134:92\u2013101","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"741_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12448","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12448","volume":"39","author":"JL Munoz-Carrillo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Munoz-Carrillo JL, Contreras-Cordero JF, Munoz-Lopez JL, Maldonado-Tapia CH, Munoz-Escobedo JJ, Moreno-Garcia MA (2017) Resiniferatoxin modulates the Th1 immune response and protects the host during intestinal nematode infection. Parasite Immunol 39:e12448","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"741_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258443","volume":"345","author":"RM Maizels","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maizels RM, Gause WC (2014) Immunology. How helminths go viral. Science 345:517\u2013518","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"741_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000154944","volume":"94","author":"RM Maizels","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maizels RM, Yazdanbakhsh M (2008) T-cell regulation in helminth parasite infections: implications for inflammatory diseases. Chem Immunol Allergy 94:112\u2013123","journal-title":"Chem Immunol Allergy"},{"key":"741_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-012-8287-5","volume":"52","author":"N Ilic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ilic N, Gruden-Movsesijan A, Sofronic-Milosavljevic L (2012) Trichinella spiralis: shaping the immune response. Immunol Res 52:111\u2013119","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"741_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis654","volume":"207","author":"M Mbow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mbow M, Larkin BM, Meurs L, Wammes LJ, de Jong SE, Labuda LA, Camara M, Smits HH, Polman K, Dieye TN, Mboup S, Stadecker MJ, Yazdanbakhsh M (2013) T-helper 17 cells are associated with pathology in human schistosomiasis. J Infect Dis 207:186\u2013195","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"741_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21404","volume":"116","author":"D Yen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yen D, Cheung J, Scheerens H, Poulet F, McClanahan T, McKenzie B, Kleinschek MA, Owyang A, Mattson J, Blumenschein W, Murphy E, Sathe M, Cua DJ, Kastelein RA, Rennick D (2006) IL-23 is essential for T cell-mediated colitis and promotes inflammation via IL-17 and IL-6. J Clin Invest 116:1310\u20131316","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"741_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517052","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/517052","volume":"2009","author":"Y Fu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fu Y, Wang W, Tong J, Pan Q, Long Y, Qian W, Hou X (2009) Th17: a new participant in gut dysfunction in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. Mediators Inflamm 2009:517052","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"741_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830210616","volume":"21","author":"SJ Meding","year":"1991","unstructured":"Meding SJ, Langhorne J (1991) CD4+ T cells and B cells are necessary for the transfer of protective immunity to Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi. Eur J Immunol 21:1433\u20131438","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"741_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173ra123","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005407","volume":"5","author":"F Flores-Borja","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flores-Borja F, Bosma A, Ng D, Reddy V, Ehrenstein MR, Isenberg DA, Mauri C (2013) CD19+ CD24hiCD38hi B cells maintain regulatory T cells while limiting TH1 and TH17 differentiation. Sci Transl Med 5:173ra123","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"741_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3MR0117-015R","volume":"102","author":"J Jablonska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jablonska J, Granot Z (2017) Neutrophil, quo vadis? J Leukoc Biol 102:685\u2013688","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"741_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103414","volume":"188","author":"K Tillack","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tillack K, Breiden P, Martin R, Sospedra M (2012) T lymphocyte priming by neutrophil extracellular traps links innate and adaptive immune responses. J Immunol 188:3150\u20133159","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"741_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2011.07.006","volume":"48","author":"M Thewissen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thewissen M, Damoiseaux J, van de Gaar J, Tervaert JW (2011) Neutrophils and T cells: bidirectional effects and functional interferences. Mol Immunol 48:2094\u20132101","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"741_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0582-2","volume":"49","author":"JF Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li JF, Guo KX, Qi X, Lei JJ, Han Y, Yan SW, Jiang P, Yu C, Cheng XC, Wang ZQ, Cui J (2018) Protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis in mice elicited by oral vaccination with attenuated Salmonella-delivered TsSP1.2 DNA. Vet Res 49:87","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"741_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0614-y","volume":"49","author":"X Qi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qi X, Han Y, Jiang P, Yue X, Ren HN, Sun GG, Long SR, Yu C, Cheng XC, Cui J, Wang ZQ (2018) Oral vaccination with Trichinella spiralis DNase II DNA vaccine delivered by attenuated Salmonella induces a protective immunity in BALB\/c mice. Vet Res 49:119","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"741_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2009.0445","volume":"7","author":"F Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li F, Cui J, Wang ZQ, Jiang P (2010) Sensitivity and optimization of artificial digestion in the inspection of meat for Trichinella spiralis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 7:879\u2013885","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"741_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00122","volume":"9","author":"Y Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang Y, Bai X, Li C, Tong M, Zhang P, Cai W, Liu X, Liu M (2019) Molecular characterization of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase from Trichinella spiralis and its potential in inducing immune protection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 9:122","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"741_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12917","volume":"65","author":"N Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang N, Li W, Fu B (2018) Vaccines against Trichinella spiralis: progress, challenges and future prospects. Transbound Emerg Dis 65:1447\u20131458","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"741_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.048","volume":"159","author":"K Reiterova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reiterova K, Antolova D, Hurnikova Z (2009) Humoral immune response of mice infected with low doses of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae. Vet Parasitol 159:232\u2013235","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"741_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.05.033","volume":"132","author":"K Nockler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nockler K, Serrano FJ, Boireau P, Kapel CM, Pozio E (2005) Experimental studies in pigs on Trichinella detection in different diagnostic matrices. Vet Parasitol 132:85\u201390","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"741_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.02.011","volume":"146","author":"DE Hill","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hill DE, Forbes L, Kramer M, Gajadhar A, Gamble HR (2007) Larval viability and serological response in horses with long-term Trichinella spiralis infection. Vet Parasitol 146:107\u2013116","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"741_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-113","volume":"42","author":"FF Franssen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Franssen FF, Fonville M, Takumi K, Vallee I, Grasset A, Koedam MA, Wester PW, Boireau P, van der Giessen JW (2011) Antibody response against Trichinella spiralis in experimentally infected rats is dose dependent. Vet Res 42:113","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"741_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(83)90038-5","volume":"7","author":"M Jungery","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jungery M, Clark NW, Parkhouse RM (1983) A major change in surface antigens during the maturation of newborn larvae of Trichinella spiralis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 7:101\u2013109","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"741_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.07.001","volume":"24","author":"F Bruschi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bruschi F, Korenaga M, Watanabe N (2008) Eosinophils and Trichinella infection: toxic for the parasite and the host? Trends Parasitol 24:462\u2013467","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"741_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.07.019","volume":"231","author":"J Ding","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ding J, Bai X, Wang XL, Wang YF, Shi HN, Rosenthal B, Boireau P, Wu XP, Liu MY, Liu XL (2016) Developmental profile of select immune cells in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis during the intestinal phase. Vet Parasitol 231:77\u201382","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"741_CR44","first-page":"588","volume":"66","author":"M Korenaga","year":"1989","unstructured":"Korenaga M, Wang CH, Bell RG, Zhu D, Ahmad A (1989) Intestinal immunity to Trichinella spiralis is a property of OX8-OX22-T-helper cells that are generated in the intestine. Immunology 66:588\u2013594","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"741_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90698-0","volume":"91","author":"J Viallet","year":"1986","unstructured":"Viallet J, MacLean JD, Goresky CA, Staudt M, Routhier G, Law C (1986) Arctic trichinosis presenting as prolonged diarrhea. Gastroenterology 91:938\u2013946","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"741_CR46","first-page":"57","volume":"58","author":"J Riedlinger","year":"1986","unstructured":"Riedlinger J, Grencis RK, Wakelin D (1986) Antigen-specific T-cell lines transfer protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis in vivo. Immunology 58:57\u201361","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"741_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.11.001","volume":"135","author":"F Annunziato","year":"2015","unstructured":"Annunziato F, Romagnani C, Romagnani S (2015) The 3 major types of innate and adaptive cell-mediated effector immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 135:626\u2013635","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"741_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2007.16","volume":"1","author":"MX Ierna","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ierna MX, Scales HE, Saunders KL, Lawrence CE (2008) Mast cell production of IL-4 and TNF may be required for protective and pathological responses in gastrointestinal helminth infection. Mucosal Immunol 1:147\u2013155","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"741_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9675","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.24.9675","volume":"83","author":"FD Finkelman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Finkelman FD, Katona IM, Urban JF Jr, Snapper CM, Ohara J, Paul WE (1986) Suppression of in vivo polyclonal IgE responses by monoclonal antibody to the lymphokine B-cell stimulatory factor 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83:9675\u20139678","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"741_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.7.3691","volume":"17","author":"H Helmby","year":"2003","unstructured":"Helmby H, Grencis RK (2003) IFN-gamma-independent effects of IL-12 during intestinal nematode infection. J Immunol 17:3691\u20133696","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"741_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.02.010","volume":"21","author":"N Watanabe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Watanabe N, Bruschi F, Korenaga M (2005) IgE: a question of protective immunity in Trichinella spiralis infection. Trends Parasitol 21:175\u2013178","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"741_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2006.05.014","volume":"18","author":"Y Belkaid","year":"2006","unstructured":"Belkaid Y, Sun CM, Bouladoux N (2006) Parasites and immunoregulatory T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 18:406\u2013412","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"741_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.6.3129-3137.2004","volume":"72","author":"DP Beiting","year":"2004","unstructured":"Beiting DP, Bliss SK, Schlafer DH, Roberts VL, Appleton JA (2004) Interleukin-10 limits local and body cavity inflammation during infection with muscle-stage Trichinella spiralis. Infect Immun 72:3129\u20133137","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"741_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.2.1039","volume":"178","author":"DP Beiting","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beiting DP, Gagliardo LF, Hesse M, Bliss SK, Meskill D, Appleton JA (2007) Coordinated control of immunity to muscle stage Trichinella spiralis by IL-10, regulatory T cells, and TGF-beta. J Immunol 178:1039\u20131047","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"741_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.02.028","volume":"70","author":"X Jin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jin X, Yang Y, Bai X, Shi H, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Jia W, Lin J, Liu M, Liu X (2019) Dendritic cells treated by Trichinella spiralis muscle larval excretory\/secretory products alleviate TNBS-induced colitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 70:378\u2013386","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"741_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.12.003","volume":"118","author":"A Gruden-Movsesijan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gruden-Movsesijan A, Ilic N, Mostarica-Stojkovic M, Stosic-Grujicic S, Milic M, Sofronic-Milosavljevic L (2008) Trichinella spiralis: modulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in DA rats. Exp Parasitol 118:641\u2013647","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"741_CR57","first-page":"179","volume":"1","author":"F Bruschi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bruschi F (2004) Focus on immunology of trichinellosis. Med Chem Rev 1:179\u2013185","journal-title":"Med Chem Rev"},{"key":"741_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3198-5","volume":"11","author":"HN Ren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ren HN, Guo KX, Zhang Y, Sun GG, Liu RD, Jiang P, Zhang X, Wang L, Cui J, Wang ZQ (2018) Molecular characterization of a 31\u00a0kDa protein from Trichinella spiralis and its induced immune protection in BALB\/c mice. Parasit Vectors 11:625","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"741_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.15e28.x","volume":"15","author":"A Linden","year":"2000","unstructured":"Linden A, Hoshino H, Laan M (2000) Airway neutrophils and interleukin-17. Eur Respir J 15:973\u2013977","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-020-0741-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13567-020-0741-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-020-0741-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,21]],"date-time":"2021-02-21T01:07:21Z","timestamp":1613869641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13567-020-0741-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-020-0741-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1297-9716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1297-9716","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All experiments in this study were conducted according to the regulations of the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals in China. The procedure of animal experiments was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Jilin University (No. 20170318).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"17"}}