{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T21:01:36Z","timestamp":1788987696145,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFD0500106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0500106"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) cause infectious bursal disease (IBD) and hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome, respectively. Recently, studies have reported co-infections of poultry with IBDV and FAdV-4, which is an important problem in the poultry industry. Here, the variant IBDV strain ZD-2018-1 and FAdV-4 isolate HB1501 were used to assess the pathogenicity of co-infection in 1-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Compared with chickens infected with only FAdV-4, those coinfected with IBDV and FAdV-4 showed enhanced clinical symptoms, higher mortality, more severe tissue lesions, and higher biochemical index levels. Furthermore, the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1\u03b2, and interferon-\u03b3 mRNAs in the IBDV-FAdV-4 coinfected chickens was delayed, and the antibody response levels were significantly lower in those birds compared with the FAdV-4-infected chickens. These results indicate that co-infection with variant IBDV ZD-2018-1 and FAdV-4 HB1501 could significantly promote the pathogenicity of FAdV-4 and reduce the immune response in chickens. This study provides the foundation for further investigation of the interaction mechanism in IBDV and FAdV-4 co-infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-00932-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T10:03:07Z","timestamp":1619690587000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Experimental co-infection of variant infectious bursal disease virus and fowl adenovirus serotype 4 increases mortality and reduces immune response in chickens"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"A-hui","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai-hang","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing-yuan","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8200-312X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guo-zhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"932_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(85)90094-7","volume":"143","author":"AA Azad","year":"1985","unstructured":"Azad AA, Barrett SA, Fahey KJ (1985) The characterization and molecular cloning of the double-stranded RNA genome of an Australian strain of infectious bursal disease virus. Virology 143:35\u201344","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"932_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(99)00074-9","volume":"24","author":"JM Sharma","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sharma JM, Kim IJ, Rautenschlein S, Yeh HY (2000) Infectious bursal disease virus of chickens: pathogenesis and immunosuppression. Dev Comp Immunol 24:223\u2013235","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"932_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108663","volume":"245","author":"T Mato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mato T, Tatar-Kis T, Felfoldi B, Jansson DS, Homonnay Z, Banyai K, Palya V (2020) Occurrence and spread of a reassortant very virulent genotype of infectious bursal disease virus with altered VP2 amino acid profile and pathogenicity in some European countries. Vet Microbiol 245:108663","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"932_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2005.18.127","volume":"18","author":"DR Withers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Withers DR, Young JR, Davison TF (2005) Infectious bursal disease virus-induced immunosuppression in the chick is associated with the presence of undifferentiated follicles in the recovering bursa. Viral Immunol 18:127\u2013137","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"932_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.08.005","volume":"97","author":"H Muller","year":"2003","unstructured":"Muller H, Islam MR, Raue R (2003) Research on infectious bursal disease\u2013the past, the present and the future. Vet Microbiol 97:153\u2013165","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"932_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.01.023","volume":"230","author":"L Fan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fan L, Wu T, Hussain A, Gao Y, Zeng X, Wang Y, Gao L, Li K, Wang Y, Liu C, Cui H, Pan Q, Zhang Y, Liu Y, He H, Wang X, Qi X (2019) Novel variant strains of infectious bursal disease virus isolated in China. Vet Microbiol 230:212\u2013220","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"932_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.197833","volume":"276","author":"A Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu A, Pei Y, Zhang K, Xue J, Ruan S, Zhang G (2020) Phylogenetic analyses and pathogenicity of a variant infectious bursal disease virus strain isolated in China. Virus Res 276:197833","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"932_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108507","volume":"240","author":"L Fan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan L, Wu T, Wang Y, Hussain A, Jiang N, Gao L, Li K, Gao Y, Liu C, Cui H, Pan Q, Zhang Y, Wang X, Qi X (2020) Novel variants of infectious bursal disease virus can severely damage the bursa of fabricius of immunized chickens. Vet Microbiol 240:108507","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"932_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070718","volume":"12","author":"S Besson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Besson S, Vragniau C, Vassal-Stermann E, Dagher MC, Fender P (2020) The adenovirus dodecahedron: beyond the platonic story. Viruses 12:718","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"932_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450050045440","volume":"29","author":"M Hess","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hess M (2000) Detection and differentiation of avian adenoviruses: a review. Avian Pathol 29:195\u2013206","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"932_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104517","volume":"182","author":"J Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao J, Ruan S, Guo Y, He Z, Xu M, Zhang G (2018) Serological and phylogenetic analysis indicating prevalence of fowl adenovirus in China. Vet Rec 182:381","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"932_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02772","volume":"9","author":"G Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu G, Wang Y, Zhang M, Lin Y, Tang Y, Diao Y (2018) Pathogenic, phylogenetic, and serological analysis of group I fowl adenovirus serotype 4 SDSX isolated from Shandong. China Front Microbiol 9:2772","journal-title":"China Front Microbiol"},{"key":"932_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0644-x","volume":"13","author":"T Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang T, Jin Q, Ding P, Wang Y, Chai Y, Li Y, Liu X, Luo J, Zhang G (2016) Molecular epidemiology of hydropericardium syndrome outbreak-associated serotype 4 fowl adenovirus isolates in central China. Virol J 13:188","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"932_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01005","volume":"8","author":"Q Pan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pan Q, Yang Y, Shi Z, Liu L, Gao Y, Qi X, Liu C, Zhang Y, Cui H, Wang X (2017) Different dynamic distribution in chickens and ducks of the hypervirulent, novel genotype fowl adenovirus serotype 4 recently emerged in China. Front Microbiol 8:1005","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"932_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0133073","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133073","volume":"10","author":"J Zhao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao J, Zhong Q, Zhao Y, Hu YX, Zhang GZ (2015) Pathogenicity and complete genome characterization of fowl adenoviruses isolated from chickens associated with inclusion body hepatitis and hydropericardium syndrome in China. PLoS One 10:e0133073","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"932_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3390\/v11060517","volume":"11","author":"G Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu G, Lin Y, Dou Y, Tang Y, Diao Y (2019) Prevalence of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 and co-infection by immunosuppressive viruses in fowl with hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome in Shandong Province. China Viruses 11:517","journal-title":"China Viruses"},{"key":"932_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01581","volume":"11","author":"X Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li X, Zhang K, Pei Y, Xue J, Ruan S, Zhang G (2020) Development and application of an MRT-qPCR assay for detecting coinfection of six vertically transmitted or immunosuppressive avian viruses. Front Microbiol 11:1581","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"932_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2020.1869698","volume":"50","author":"TN Thai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thai TN, Jang I, Kim HA, Kim HS, Kwon YK, Kim HR (2021) Characterization of antigenic variant infectious bursal disease virus strains identified in South Korea. Avian Pathol 50:174\u2013181","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"932_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13162","volume":"66","author":"A Brown Jordan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brown Jordan A, Blake L, Bisnath J, Ramgattie C, Carrington CV, Oura CAL (2019) Identification of four serotypes of fowl adenovirus in clinically affected commercial poultry co-infected with chicken infectious anaemia virus in Trinidad and Tobago. Transbound Emerg Dis 66:1341\u20131348","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"932_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2307\/1589379","volume":"20","author":"AM Fadly","year":"1976","unstructured":"Fadly AM, Winterfield RW, Olander HJ (1976) Role of the bursa of Fabricius in the pathogenicity of inclusion body hepatitis and infectious bursal disease viruses. Avian Dis 20:467\u2013477","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"932_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey113","volume":"97","author":"S Ruan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruan S, Zhao J, He Z, Yang H, Zhang G (2018) Analysis of pathogenicity and immune efficacy of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 isolates. Poult Sci 97:2647\u20132653","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"932_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10071195","volume":"10","author":"LF Naranjo Nunez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naranjo Nunez LF, Santander-Parra SH, Kyriakidis NC, Astolfi-Ferreira CS, Buim MR, De la Torre D, Piantino Ferreira AJ (2020) Molecular characterization and determination of relative cytokine expression in naturally infected day-old chicks with chicken astrovirus associated to white chick syndrome. Animals 10:1195","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"932_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00049","volume":"9","author":"R Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li R, Li G, Lin J, Han S, Hou X, Weng H, Guo M, Lu Z, Li N, Shang Y, Chai T, Wei L (2018) Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 SD0828 infections causes high mortality rate and cytokine levels in specific pathogen-free chickens compared to ducks. Front Immunol 9:49","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"932_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.07.014","volume":"223","author":"Y Niu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Niu Y, Sun Q, Zhang G, Liu X, Shang Y, Xiao Y, Liu S (2018) Fowl adenovirus serotype 4-induced apoptosis, autophagy, and a severe inflammatory response in liver. Vet Microbiol 223:34\u201341","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"932_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0237-5","volume":"46","author":"M Costa-Hurtado","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costa-Hurtado M, Afonso CL, Miller PJ, Shepherd E, Cha RM, Smith D, Spackman E, Kapczynski DR, Suarez DL, Swayne DE, Pantin-Jackwood MJ (2015) Previous infection with virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus reduces highly pathogenic avian influenza virus replication, disease, and mortality in chickens. Vet Res 46:97","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"932_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1086\/418649","volume":"69","author":"JL John","year":"1994","unstructured":"John JL (1994) The avian spleen: a neglected organ. Q Rev Biol 69:327\u2013351","journal-title":"Q Rev Biol"},{"key":"932_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2004.08.002","volume":"29","author":"PJ Ferro","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ferro PJ, Swaggerty CL, He H, Rothwell L, Kaiser P, Kogut MH (2005) Recombinant chicken IL-6 does not activate heterophils isolated from day-old chickens in vitro. Dev Comp Immunol 29:375\u2013383","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"932_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-007-9034-6","volume":"32","author":"A Sevimli","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sevimli A, Misirlioglu D, Yagci A, Bulbul A, Yilmaztepe A, Altunbas K (2008) The role of chicken IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the occurrence of amyloid arthropathy. Vet Res Commun 32:499\u2013508","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"932_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.11.001","volume":"1","author":"DE Levy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Levy DE, Marie IJ, Durbin JE (2011) Induction and function of type I and III interferon in response to viral infection. Curr Opin Virol 1:476\u2013486","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"932_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090772","volume":"11","author":"Y Guo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guo Y, Cao W, Zhu Y (2019) Immunoregulatory functions of the IL-12 family of cytokines in antiviral systems. Viruses 11:772","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"932_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7690156","volume":"261","author":"G Karupiah","year":"1993","unstructured":"Karupiah G, Xie QW, Buller RM, Nathan C, Duarte C, MacMicking JD (1993) Inhibition of viral replication by interferon-gamma-induced nitric oxide synthase. Science 261:1445\u20131448","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"932_CR32","first-page":"1534","volume":"147","author":"G Trinchieri","year":"1995","unstructured":"Trinchieri G (1995) Interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma. Do they always go together? Am J Pathol 147:1534\u20131538","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"932_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070627","volume":"11","author":"K Meng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meng K, Yuan X, Yu J, Zhang Y, Ai W, Wang Y (2019) Identification, pathogenicity of novel fowl adenovirus serotype 4 SDJN0105 in Shandong, China and immunoprotective evaluation of the newly developed inactivated oil-emulsion FAdV-4 vaccine. Viruses 11:627","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"932_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010161","volume":"18","author":"Y Qin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qin Y, Zheng SJ (2017) Infectious bursal disease virus-host interactions: multifunctional viral proteins that perform multiple and differing jobs. Int J Mol Sci 18:161","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"932_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2007.09.017","volume":"121","author":"E Schonewille","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schonewille E, Singh A, Gobel TW, Gerner W, Saalmuller A, Hess M (2008) Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) serotype 4 causes depletion of B and T cells in lymphoid organs in specific pathogen-free chickens following experimental infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 121:130\u2013139","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"932_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-006-3278-4","volume":"30","author":"V Balamurugan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Balamurugan V, Kataria JM (2006) Economically important non-oncogenic immunosuppressive viral diseases of chicken\u2013current status. Vet Res Commun 30:541\u2013566","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"932_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10786","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01432-15","volume":"89","author":"LL Kenney","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kenney LL, Cornberg M, Chen AT, Emonet S, de la Torre JC, Selin LK (2015) Increased immune response variability during simultaneous viral coinfection leads to unpredictability in CD8 T cell immunity and pathogenesis. J Virol 89:10786\u201310801","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"932_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-370491-7.00030-1","volume-title":"Avian clinical biochemistry. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals","author":"JT Lumeij","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lumeij JT (2008) Avian clinical biochemistry. Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, 6th edn. Academic Press, Cambridge, pp 839\u2013872","edition":"6"},{"key":"932_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)00219-6","volume":"355","author":"MC Kew","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kew MC (2000) Serum aminotransferase concentration as evidence of hepatocellular damage. Lancet 355:591\u2013592","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"932_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040752","volume":"172","author":"EG Giannini","year":"2005","unstructured":"Giannini EG, Testa R, Savarino V (2005) Liver enzyme alteration: a guide for clinicians. Can Med Assoc J 172:367\u2013379","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"932_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.034","volume":"239","author":"M D'Apolito","year":"2015","unstructured":"D\u2019Apolito M, Du XL, Pisanelli D, Pettoello-Mantovani M, Campanozzi A, Giacco F, Maffione AB, Colia AL, Brownlee M, Giardino I (2015) Urea-induced ROS cause endothelial dysfunction in chronic renal failure. Atherosclerosis 239:393\u2013400","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"932_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01163","volume":"9","author":"X Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu X, Wang Z, Chen H, Niu X, Dou Y, Yang J, Tang Y, Diao Y (2018) Serological and pathogenic analyses of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) strain in muscovy ducks. Front Microbiol 9:1163","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"932_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1637\/11769-110717-Reg.1","volume":"62","author":"E Spackman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Spackman E, Stephens CB, Pantin-Jackwood MJ (2018) The effect of infectious bursal disease virus-induced immunosuppression on vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Avian Dis 62:36\u201344","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"932_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2020.1778162","volume":"49","author":"N Arafat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arafat N, Abd El Rahman S, Naguib D, El-Shafei RA, Abdo W, Eladl AH (2020) Co-infection of Salmonella enteritidis with H9N2 avian influenza virus in chickens. Avian Pathol 49:496\u2013506","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"932_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00124","volume":"88","author":"D Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang D, Zhou X, She R, Xiong J, Sun Q, Peng K, Liu L, Liu Y (2009) Impaired intestinal mucosal immunity in specific-pathogen-free chickens after infection with very virulent infectious bursal disease virus. Poult Sci 88:1623\u20131628","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"932_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008790","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008790","volume":"16","author":"AOG Hoarau","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoarau AOG, Mavingui P, Lebarbenchon C (2020) Coinfections in wildlife: focus on a neglected aspect of infectious disease epidemiology. PLoS Pathog 16:e1008790","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-021-00932-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13567-021-00932-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-021-00932-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T10:24:49Z","timestamp":1619691889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13567-021-00932-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-021-00932-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1297-9716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1297-9716","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"61"}}