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Thus, the impact of <jats:italic>Histomonas meleagridis<\/jats:italic>-associated inflammatory changes in the caecal microbiome, especially the <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> population and their caecal wall invasion in turkeys was investigated. Birds experimentally inoculated with attenuated and\/or virulent <jats:italic>H. meleagridis<\/jats:italic> and non-inoculated negative controls were divided based on the severity of macroscopic caecal lesions. The high throughput amplicon sequencing of 16SrRNA showed that the species richness and diversity of microbial community significantly decreased in severely affected caeca. The relative abundances of operational taxonomic units belonging to <jats:italic>Anaerotignum lactatifermentans<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii<\/jats:italic> were higher and paralleled with a decreased abundances of those belonging to <jats:italic>Alistipes putredinis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>alactolyticus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Lactobacillus salivarius<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus reuteri<\/jats:italic> in birds with the highest lesion scores. Although the relative abundance of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> was higher, the absolute count was not affected by the severity of pathological lesions. Immunohistochemistry showed that <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> was only present in the luminal content of caecum and did not penetrate even severely inflamed and necrotized caecal wall. Overall, it was demonstrated that the fundamental shift in caecal microbiota of turkeys infected with <jats:italic>H. meleagridis<\/jats:italic> was attributed to the pathology induced by the parasite, which only led to relative but not absolute changes in <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> population. Furthermore, <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> cells did not show tendency to penetrate the caecal tissue even when the intestinal mucosal barriers were severely compromised.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-021-00962-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T14:03:18Z","timestamp":1624370598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Typhlitis induced by Histomonas meleagridis affects relative but not the absolute Escherichia coli counts and invasion in the gut in turkeys"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Mohamed Kamal","family":"Abdelhamid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Rychlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamas","family":"Hatfaludi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Crhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Karasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Lagler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Liebhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4527-9733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surya","family":"Paudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"962_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010019","volume":"7","author":"NE Diether","year":"2019","unstructured":"Diether NE, Willing BP (2019) Microbial fermentation of dietary protein: an important factor in diet\u2013microbe\u2013host interaction. 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