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However, host bacteria can quickly produce progeny that are resistant to phage infection. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to phage infection. We found that Rsm1, a mutant strain of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis)<\/jats:italic>\n                    sm140, exhibited resistance to phage Psm140, which was originally capable of lysing its host at sm140. Whole genome sequencing analysis revealed a single nucleotide mutation at position 520 (C\u2009\u2192\u2009T) in the\n                    <jats:italic>rfbD<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene of Rsm1, resulting in broken lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which is caused by the replacement of CAG coding glutamine with a stop codon TAG. The knockout of\n                    <jats:italic>rfbD<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the sm140\u0394\n                    <jats:italic>rfbD<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain caused a subsequent loss of sensitivity toward phages. Furthermore, the reintroduction of\n                    <jats:italic>rfbD<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Rsm1 restored phage sensitivity. Moreover, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of\n                    <jats:italic>rfbD<\/jats:italic>\n                    in 25 resistant strains revealed a high percentage mutation rate of 64% within the\n                    <jats:italic>rfbD<\/jats:italic>\n                    locus. We assessed the fitness of four bacteria strains and found that the acquisition of phage resistance resulted in slower bacterial growth, faster sedimentation velocity, and increased environmental sensitivity (pH, temperature, and antibiotic sensitivity). In short, bacteria mutants lose some of their abilities while gaining resistance to phage infection, which may be a general survival strategy of bacteria against phages. This study is the first to report phage resistance caused by\n                    <jats:italic>rfbD<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutation, providing a new perspective for the research on phage therapy and drug-resistant mechanisms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01341-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T08:02:19Z","timestamp":1720166539000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Salmonella enteritidis acquires phage resistance through a point mutation in rfbD but loses some of its environmental adaptability"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Yukun","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenglong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mangmang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2515-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1341_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-86","volume":"10","author":"LH Chiu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chiu LH, Chiu CH, Horn YM, Chiou CS, Lee CY, Yeh CM, Yu CY, Wu CP, Chang CC, Chu C (2010) Characterization of 13 multi-drug resistant Salmonella serovars from different broiler chickens associated with those of human isolates. 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