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However, the mechanism by which it causes vascular damage is currently unclear. Baicalin has important anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immunomodulatory functions. In this study, we explored the ability of baicalin and probenecid to protect against <jats:italic>G. parasuis<\/jats:italic> challenge in a piglet model. Sixty piglets were randomly divided into a control group; an infection group; a probenecid group; and 25\u00a0mg\/kg, 50\u00a0mg\/kg and 100\u00a0mg\/kg baicalin groups. The probenecid group and the 25\u00a0mg\/kg, 50\u00a0mg\/kg and 100\u00a0mg\/kg baicalin groups were injected intramuscularly with 20\u00a0mg\/kg body weight (BW) probenecid and 25\u00a0mg\/kg BW, 50\u00a0mg\/kg BW and 100\u00a0mg\/kg BW baicalin, respectively. All piglets except those from the control group were injected intraperitoneally with 1\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\u00a0CFU of <jats:italic>G. parasuis.<\/jats:italic> The control group was injected intraperitoneally with TSB. The results showed baicalin and probenecid protected piglets against <jats:italic>G. parasuis<\/jats:italic> challenge, improved body weight and decreased temperature changes in piglets. Baicalin and probenecid attenuated IL-1\u03b2, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3 mRNA levels in the blood for 48\u00a0h, inhibited the production of the nucleosides ATP, ADP, AMP and UMP from 24 to 72\u00a0h, reduced Panx-1\/P2Y6\/P2X7 expression, weakened NF-kB, AP-1, NLRP3\/Caspase-1 and ROCK\/MLCK\/MLC signalling activation, and upregulated VE-cadherin expression in the blood vessels of piglets challenged with <jats:italic>G. parasuis<\/jats:italic>. Baicalin and probenecid alleviated pathological tissue damage in piglets induced by <jats:italic>G. parasuis<\/jats:italic>. Our results might provide a promising strategy to control and treat <jats:italic>G. parasuis<\/jats:italic> infection in the clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01352-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T10:03:44Z","timestamp":1722247424000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Baicalin and probenecid protect against Glaesserella parasuis challenge in a piglet model"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Shulin","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaoli","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunjian","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronghui","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingbing","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qirong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5884-6370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinsheng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1352_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110127","volume":"294","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y, Guo M, Wang Q, Zhou H, Wu W, Lin H, Fan H (2024) Glaesserella parasuis serotype 5 induces pyroptosis via the RIG-I\/MAVS\/NLRP3 pathway in swine tracheal epithelial cells. 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