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A key virulence mechanism of\n                    <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                    suis is biofilm formation, which improves its persistence and resistance to external factors. Here, we assessed the in vitro biofilm formation of 240\n                    <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates from Spanish swine farms and evaluated the effects of serovars (SVs) and coinfections with other porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) pathogens. Our study revealed significant heterogeneity in biofilm formation among\n                    <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>\n                    SVs. Notably, SV2 resulted in the lowest degree of biofilm formation, in contrast with the high biofilm-forming capacities of SV1, SV7, and SV9. Other PRDC pathogens, including\n                    <jats:italic>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Glaesserella parasuis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Pasteurella multocida<\/jats:italic>\n                    , formed biofilms, although they were generally less robust than those of\n                    <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (except for SV2), which contrasts with the high biofilm formation of\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus hyicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Coinfections enhanced biofilm formation in mixed cultures of\n                    <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , particularly with\n                    <jats:italic>P. multocida<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Other coinfections revealed variable results in pathogen interactions, suggesting the potential of biofilms for increased persistence and pathogenicity in coinfections. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of serovar-specific differences in biofilm formation among\n                    <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, with significant implications for pathogenicity and persistence. The heterogeneous biofilm formation observed in coinfections with other PRDC pathogens reveals a complex interplay that could exacerbate disease severity. These findings provide a foundation for further research on biofilm mechanisms to mitigate the impact of PRDC in the swine industry.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01412-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T13:14:26Z","timestamp":1733058866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Biofilm formation in Streptococcus suis: in vitro impact of serovars and assessment of coinfections with other porcine respiratory disease complex bacterial pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"Migu\u00e9lez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9923-2623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Menc\u00eda-Ares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar B.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1ximo","family":"Petrocchi-Rilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Delgado-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1412_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050374","volume":"9","author":"M Segura","year":"2020","unstructured":"Segura M, Aragon V, Brockmeier SL, Gebhart C, de Greeff A, Kerdsin A, ODea MA, Okura M, Sal\u00e9ry M, Schultsz C, Schultsz C, Valentin-Weigand P, Weinert LA, Wells JM, Gottschalk M (2020) Update on Streptococcus suis research and prevention in the era of antimicrobial restriction: 4th International Workshop on S. suis. 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