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Pathogenic infections are among the main causes of diarrhea and mortality. Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are crucial for safeguarding against pathogenic infections. However, knowledge regarding the development and function of ILC3s in suckling piglets is currently limited. Our findings demonstrate that the development of ILC3s in suckling piglets gradually progresses from day 1 to day 21, with a notable increase observed on day 28. Additionally, the development of NKp46<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>ILC3s and the production of interleukin (IL)-17A by ILC3s displayed consistent patterns with the changes observed in ILC3s. Notably, interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 levels significantly increased on day 14. Moreover, the production of IFN-\u03b3 by NKp46<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>ILC3s was greater than that by NKp46<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>ILC3s. Importantly, when piglets were subjected to a 4-h challenge with enterotoxigenic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, both the percentages  of ILC3s significantly increased, accompanied by increased IL-22 production, highlighting their importance in maintaining intestinal health. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights for future related research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01418-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T10:46:50Z","timestamp":1734518810000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Developmental patterns of intestinal group 3 innate lymphoid cells in piglets and their response to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Ningning","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7386-9936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongkui","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1418_CR1","unstructured":"Varley MA (1995) The neonatal pig: development and survival: CAB international; 1995."},{"key":"1418_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1051\/animres:2004020","volume":"53","author":"CR Stokes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stokes CR, Bailey M, Haverson K, Harris C, Jones P, Inman C, Pi\u00e9 S, Oswald IP, Williams BA, Akkermans ADJAR (2004) Postnatal development of intestinal immune system in piglets: implications for the process of weaning. 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