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However, studies on both natural and experimental\n                    <jats:italic>M. ovipneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection have reported highly variable clinical signs and pathology. Here, we assessed the impact of administering\n                    <jats:italic>M. ovipneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    to the upper respiratory tract (URT) or to the lower respiratory tract (LRT) of two-month-old specific pathogen-free lambs. Lambs were inoculated with PBS (control) or with ceftiofur-treated nasal wash fluid obtained from sheep with natural\n                    <jats:italic>M. ovipneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, monitored for eight weeks, and subsequently euthanized. All lambs in the URT and LRT groups developed a stable infection with\n                    <jats:italic>M. ovipneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>M. ovipneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection led to lower weight gains and mild respiratory disease, with significantly greater effects following LRT inoculation compared to URT inoculation. At necropsy, lambs inoculated via the LRT showed consolidation of the cranial lung lobes. In addition, histological signs of\u00a0 alveolar, bronchiolar, and interstitial inflammation were significantly more severe in the LRT compared to the URT group.\n                    <jats:italic>M. ovipneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    loads in the trachea and bronchi also were significantly higher after LRT than URT inoculation. Interestingly, 9\/10 inoculated lambs also tested positive for\n                    <jats:italic>M. haemolytica<\/jats:italic>\n                    in nasal swab but not in bronchial swab samples. In summary, our study suggests that bypassing protective mechanisms of the URT by delivering respiratory pathogens to the LRT leads to more severe respiratory disease and lung damage than delivery to the URT.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01439-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T16:05:32Z","timestamp":1736784332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pathogen delivery route impacts disease severity in experimental Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection of domestic lambs"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Bryan Tegner","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"DeWit-Dibbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LaShae","family":"Zanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sobha","family":"Sonar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Throolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia C.","family":"Brewster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"Andujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerri","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathon","family":"Sago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizabeth","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8817-7243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane","family":"Bimczok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1439_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207420","volume":"14","author":"TE Besser","year":"2019","unstructured":"Besser TE, Levy J, Ackerman M, Nelson D, Manlove K, Potter KA, Busboom J, Benson M (2019) A pilot study of the effects of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae exposure on domestic lamb growth and performance. 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