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Understanding its invasion mechanisms is crucial. This study explored how the serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) secreted by\n                    <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    affect the host\u2019s intestinal epithelial barrier. Furthermore, the effects of\n                    <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection on the jejunal barrier function in mice were investigated. The histopathological analysis indicated significant damage to the jejunum, which peaked at day 7 post-infection (dpi). The results of RT-qPCR and western blotting revealed marked reductions in tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin, claudin-3), mucins (MUC-1, MUC-2), and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-\u03b2, IL-10) from 1 to 15 dpi. There was also increased expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2). Recombinant SPIs (rKaSPI, rAdSPI) were purified, co-cultured with intestinal epithelial cells (IPECs), and used in mouse models. The protein expression changes in IPECs and mice were consistent with those in\n                    <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected tissues. Both SPIs caused the down-regulation of ZO-1, occludin, claudin-3, MUC-1, MUC-2, TGF-\u03b2, and IL-10 while up-regulating TLR-4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. As a result, the intestinal barrier was disrupted, and inflammation was exacerbated. Notably, rAdSPI had a more pronounced effect. In summary,\n                    <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection caused significant jejunal damage and disrupted the intestinal barrier.\n                    <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -secreted SPIs, especially serpin-type serine protease inhibitors (AdSPI), were pivotal in facilitating invasion by compromising the host\u2019s intestinal barrier and promoting inflammation. This study provides insights into\n                    <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                    invasion mechanisms and the potential targets for trichinellosis prevention and control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01446-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T05:23:51Z","timestamp":1736573031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of Trichinella spiralis and its serine protease inhibitors on intestinal mucosal barrier function"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Ruibiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingbo","family":"Zhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiankun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8410-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yixin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1446_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.07.002","volume":"149","author":"E Pozio","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pozio E (2007) World distribution of trichinella spp. Infections in animals and humans. 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