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In our preliminary investigations, we identified the <jats:italic>E. maxima<\/jats:italic> surface antigen (EmSAG) as an inhibitory molecule of IFN-\u03b3. EmSAG was screened and characterised from an <jats:italic>E. maxima<\/jats:italic> sporozoite cDNA expression library. The present study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of EmSAG on chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and various T cell subsets. We analysed cell proliferation, nitric oxide (NO) release, and cytokine transcription. The results revealed that EmSAG boosts PBMC proliferation and promotes differentiation of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells. Additionally, stimulation with EmSAG significantly inhibited NO release and IFN-\u03b3 transcription while enhancing the transcription of IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-\u03b21 in chicken PBMCs. The sorting purity of T cell subsets was as follows: CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (96.90%), CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (86.25%), CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> (89.14%), and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> regulatory T cells (Tregs; 92.16%). These purified subsets were co-incubated with EmSAG to analyse the transcription of hallmark cytokines associated with Th1, Th2, and Treg responses. EmSAG significantly inhibited the transcription of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-2 in both CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, while promoting the expression of IL-10, TGF-\u03b21, and CTLA-4 in Tregs. Moreover, depletion of CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells reversed the EmSAG-induced suppression of IL-2 transcription and reduced its stimulating effects on IL-4 and IL-10 transcription in CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> T cells. These findings highlight the role of EmSAG as an inhibitor of IFN-\u03b3, facilitating immune evasion by attenuating the Th1 immune response and modulating Treg cell function. This study provides critical insights into the immune evasion mechanisms utilised by chicken coccidia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-025-01535-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T19:14:48Z","timestamp":1747682088000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunomodulatory effects of Eimeria maxima surface antigen (EmSAG) as an IFN-\u03b3 inhibitory molecule on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and T cell subsets in chickens"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Xianglin","family":"Pu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinmei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingmin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruofeng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangrui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0102-0938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaokai","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1535_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020215","volume":"10","author":"Y Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee Y, Lu M, Lillehoj HS (2022) Coccidiosis: recent progress in host immunity and alternatives to antibiotic strategies. 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