{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T18:23:26Z","timestamp":1793816606068,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institut Carnot France Future Elevage"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Small ruminants are frequently infected with gastrointestinal nematode parasites (GIN) such as the highly pathogenic <jats:italic>Haemonchus contortus<\/jats:italic>, which severely impact animal health, welfare and production performance. The increasing prevalence of clinical anthelmintic resistance poses a global threat to effective parasite control and the productivity of livestock farming. This includes resistance to eprinomectin (EPR), the only anthelmintic currently approved for use in dairy production with a zero-withdrawal period. This study aims to link EPR therapeutic failure against <jats:italic>H. contortus<\/jats:italic> in dairy sheep farms in southwestern France with drug potency, as determined via the larval motility phenotype in an in vitro test. Six field isolates (four EPR-resistant and two EPR-susceptible isolates) were collected from dairy sheep farms, where EPR efficacy was assessed using the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). In addition, two laboratory isolates, known for their EPR-susceptible status, were used. We simultaneously evaluated the effects of ivermectin (IVM), moxidectin (MOX), EPR, and levamisole on larval stage development and motility, comparing putative EPR-resistant isolates with those expected to be EPR-susceptible. The automated motility assay effectively distinguished EPR-susceptible isolates from EPR-resistant isolates, with IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values between 0.29 and 0.48\u00a0\u00b5M for susceptible isolates and between 8.16 and 32.03\u00a0\u00b5M for resistant isolates, revealing that isolates from farms with EPR treatment failure presented high resistance factors for EPR, ranging from 17 to 101. Our results reveal the sensitivity, reliability, and reproducibility of the motility test in monitoring the response of <jats:italic>H. contortus<\/jats:italic> to eprinomectin, and it may be used to detect <jats:italic>H. contortus<\/jats:italic> resistance to eprinomectin on farms. This paves the way for improving diagnostics and treatments for helminth infections in dairy sheep farms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-025-01622-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T14:14:00Z","timestamp":1759414440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Automated larval motility assays reveal links between eprinomectin treatment failure and drug resistance in Haemonchus contortus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6744-738X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Petermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Guegnard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Grisez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Jouffroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e9a","family":"Bordes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Neveu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micka\u00ebl","family":"Riou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Sall\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Jacquiet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Alberich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Lespine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1622_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182023000069","volume":"150","author":"S Jouffroy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jouffroy S, Bordes L, Grisez C, Sutra J, Cazajous T, Lafon J, Dumont N, Chastel M, Vial-Novella C, Achard D, Hamadi K, Devaux M, Abbadie M, Delmas C, Lespine A, Jacquiet P (2023) First report of eprinomectin resistant isolates of Haemonchus contortus in 5 dairy sheep farms from the Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es Atlantiques d\u00e9partement in France. Parasitology 150:365\u2013373","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"1622_CR2","first-page":"103","volume":"14","author":"T Cazajous","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cazajous T, Prevot F, Kerbiriou A, Milhes M, Grisez C, Tropee A, Godart C, Aragon A, Jacquiet P (2018) Multiple-resistance to ivermectin and benzimidazole of a Haemonchus contortus population in a sheep flock from mainland France, first report. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep 14:103\u2013105","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep"},{"key":"1622_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102063","volume":"76","author":"L Bordes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bordes L, Dumont N, Lespine A, Souil E, Sutra J-F, Pr\u00e9vot F, Grisez C, Romanos L, Dailledouze A, Jacquiet P (2020) First report of multiple resistance to eprinomectin and benzimidazole in Haemonchus contortus on a dairy goat farm in France. Parasitol Int 76:102063","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"1622_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anscip.2023.01.219","volume":"14","author":"S Jouffroy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jouffroy S, Girard C, Petermann J, Grisez C, Jacquiet P (2023) Resistance to eprinomectin in gastro-intestinal nematodes of dairy sheep: what part do breed and summer pastures play? Anim Sci Proc 14:162\u2013163","journal-title":"Anim Sci Proc"},{"key":"1622_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00604-5","volume":"103","author":"MA Taylor","year":"2002","unstructured":"Taylor MA, Hunt KR, Goodyear KL (2002) Anthelmintic resistance detection methods. Vet Parasitol 103:183\u2013194","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.01.001","volume":"37","author":"RM Kaplan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kaplan RM, Vidyashankar AN, Howell SB, Neiss JM, Williamson LH, Terrill TH (2007) A novel approach for combining the use of in vitro and in vivo data to measure and detect emerging moxidectin resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of goats. Int J Parasitol 37:795\u2013804","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(92)90141-U","volume":"44","author":"GC Coles","year":"1992","unstructured":"Coles GC, Bauer C, Borgsteede FHM, Geerts S, Klei TR, Taylor MA, Waller PJ (1992) World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance. Vet Parasitol 44:35\u201344","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2023.109936","volume":"318","author":"RM Kaplan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kaplan RM, Denwood MJ, Nielsen MK, Thamsborg SM, Torgerson PR, Gilleard JS, Dobson RJ, Vercruysse J, Levecke B (2023) World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guideline for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance using the faecal egg count reduction test in ruminants, horses and swine. Vet Parasitol 318:109936","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3601-x","volume":"12","author":"L Rinaldi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rinaldi L, Amadesi A, Dufourd E, Bosco A, Gadanho M, Lehebel A, Maurelli MP, Chauvin A, Charlier J, Cringoli G, Ravinet N, Chartier C (2019) Rapid assessment of faecal egg count and faecal egg count reduction through composite sampling in cattle. Parasit Vectors 12:353","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1622_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1989.tb13578.x","volume":"66","author":"P Martin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Martin P, Anderson N, Jarrett R (1989) Detecting benzimidazole resistance with faecal egg count reduction tests and in vitro assays. Aust Vet J 66:236\u2013240","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"1622_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(91)90144-V","volume":"21","author":"JH Gill","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gill JH, Redwin JM, Van Wyk JA, Lacey E (1991) Detection of resistance to ivermectin in haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol 21:771\u2013776","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.02.012","volume":"93","author":"AC Kotze","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kotze AC, Prichard RK (2016) Anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus. Adv Parasitol 93:397\u2013428","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.125.7.153","volume":"125","author":"KR Hunt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hunt KR, Taylor MA (1989) Use of the egg hatch assay on sheep faecal samples for the detection of benzimidazole resistant nematodes. Vet Rec 125:153\u2013154","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"1622_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(94)00087-5","volume":"25","author":"JH Gill","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gill JH, Redwin JM, Van Wyk JA, Lacey E (1995) Avermectin inhibition of larval development in Haemonchus contortus \u2014effects of ivermectin resistance. Int J Parasitol 25:463\u2013470","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2014.07.007","volume":"4","author":"AC Kotze","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kotze AC, Hunt PW, Skuce P, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Martin RJ, Sager H, Kr\u00fccken J, Hodgkinson J, Lespine A, Jex AR, Gilleard JS, Beech RN, Wolstenholme AJ, Demeler J, Robertson AP, Charvet CL, Neveu C, Kaminsky R, Rufener L, Alberich M, Menez C, Prichard RK (2014) Recent advances in candidate-gene and whole-genome approaches to the discovery of anthelmintic resistance markers and the description of drug\/receptor interactions. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 4:164\u2013184","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"1622_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2017.12.002","volume":"8","author":"MM George","year":"2018","unstructured":"George MM, Lopez-Soberal L, Storey BE, Howell SB, Kaplan RM (2018) Motility in the L3 stage is a poor phenotype for detecting and measuring resistance to avermectin\/milbemycin drugs in gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 8:22\u201330","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"1622_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.07.003","volume":"117","author":"LC Falzon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Falzon LC, O\u2019Neill TJ, Menzies PI, Peregrine AS, Jones-Bitton A, vanLeeuwen J, Mederos A (2014) A systematic review and meta-analysis of factors associated with anthelmintic resistance in sheep. Prev Vet Med 117:388\u2013402","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"1622_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anscip.2023.01.218","volume":"14","author":"C Girard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Girard C, Jouffroy S, Grisez C, Jacquiet P, Petermann J (2023) Key risk factors of emergence or spread of eprinomectin resistant Haemonchus contortus in dairy sheep farms according to field experts. Anim Sci Proc 14:162","journal-title":"Anim Sci Proc"},{"key":"1622_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(87)90045-8","volume":"24","author":"SD Folz","year":"1987","unstructured":"Folz SD, Pax RA, Thomas EM, Bennett JL, Lee BL, Conder GA (1987) Detecting in vitro anthelmintic effects with a micromotility meter. Vet Parasitol 24:241\u2013250","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.01.017","volume":"137","author":"AC Kotze","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kotze AC, Le Jambre LF, O\u2019Grady J (2006) A modified larval migration assay for detection of resistance to macrocyclic lactones in Haemonchus contortus, and drug screening with Trichostrongylidae parasites. Vet Parasitol 137:294\u2013305","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000885","volume":"4","author":"MJ Smout","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smout MJ, Kotze AC, McCarthy JS, Loukas A (2010) A novel high throughput assay for anthelmintic drug screening and resistance diagnosis by real-time monitoring of parasite motility. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:e885","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1622_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-02866-3","volume":"15","author":"M Alberich","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alberich M, Garcia M, Petermann J, Blancfuney C, Jouffroy S, Jacquiet P, Lespine A (2025) Evaluation of nematode susceptibility and resistance to anthelmintic drugs with a WMicrotracker motility assay. Sci Rep 15:17968","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1622_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(98)00211-8","volume":"80","author":"M V\u00e1rady","year":"1999","unstructured":"V\u00e1rady M, Corba J (1999) Comparison of six in vitro tests in determining benzimidazole and levamisole resistance in Haemonchus contortus and Ostertagia circumcincta of sheep. Vet Parasitol 80:239\u2013249","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00259-0","volume":"116","author":"G Aumont","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aumont G, Gruner L, Hostache G (2003) Comparison of the resistance to sympatric and allopatric isolates of Haemonchus contortus of Black Belly sheep in Guadeloupe (FWI) and of INRA 401 sheep in France. Vet Parasitol 116:139\u2013150","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2006.36697","volume":"54","author":"P McKenna","year":"2006","unstructured":"McKenna P (2006) A comparison of faecal egg count reduction test procedures. N Z Vet J 54:202\u2013203","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"1622_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1970453321","volume":"45","author":"J-P Raynaud","year":"1970","unstructured":"Raynaud J-P, William G, Brunault G (1970) \u00c9tude de l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 d\u2019une technique de coproscopie quantitative pour le diagnostic de routine et le contr\u00f4le des infestations parasitaires des bovins, ovins, \u00e9quins et porcins. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 45:321\u2013342 (in French)","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol Hum Comp"},{"key":"1622_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.11.002","volume":"199","author":"M Lyndal-Murphy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lyndal-Murphy M, Swain AJ, Pepper PM (2014) Methods to determine resistance to anthelmintics when continuing larval development occurs. Vet Parasitol 199:191\u2013200","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR28","unstructured":"COMBAR (2021) Faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) protocol Gastrointestinal nematodes\u2014SHEEP and GOATS"},{"key":"1622_CR29","unstructured":"FECRT tools (2025) https:\/\/www.fecrt.com\/. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"1622_CR30","unstructured":"MAFF (1986) Manual of veterinary parasitological laboratory techniques"},{"key":"1622_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.130.20.442","volume":"130","author":"J Hubert","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hubert J, Kerboeuf D (1992) A microlarval development assay for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in sheep nematodes. Vet Rec 130:442\u2013446","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"1622_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2017.09.014","volume":"115","author":"T Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu T, Yu L, Xu J, Yan X, Li H, Whalen JK, Hu F (2017) Bacterial traits and quality contribute to the diet choice and survival of bacterial-feeding nematodes. Soil Biol Biochem 115:467\u2013474","journal-title":"Soil Biol Biochem"},{"key":"1622_CR33","first-page":"63","volume":"48","author":"J Hubert","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hubert J, Kerboeuf D (1984) A new method for culture of larvae used in diagnosis of ruminant gastrointestinal strongylosis: comparison with fecal cultures. Can J Comp Med 48:63\u201371","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med"},{"key":"1622_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14070616","volume":"14","author":"AC Taki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taki AC, Byrne JJ, Wang T, Sleebs BE, Nguyen N, Hall RS, Korhonen PK, Chang BCH, Jackson P, Jabbar A, Gasser RB (2021) High-throughput phenotypic assay to screen for anthelmintic activity on Haemonchus contortus. Pharmaceuticals 14:616","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"1622_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05253-3","volume":"15","author":"B Mungu\u00eda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mungu\u00eda B, Salda\u00f1a J, Nieves M, Melian ME, Ferrer M, Teixeira R, Porcal W, Manta E, Dom\u00ednguez L (2022) Sensitivity of Haemonchus contortus to anthelmintics using different in vitro screening assays: a comparative study. Parasit Vectors 15:129","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1622_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2014.05.003","volume":"4","author":"AP Page","year":"2014","unstructured":"Page AP, Stepek G, Winter AD, Pertab D (2014) Enzymology of the nematode cuticle: a potential drug target? Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 4:133\u2013141","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"1622_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.11.014","volume":"265","author":"M Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu M, Landuyt B, Klaassen H, Geldhof P, Luyten W (2019) Screening of a drug repurposing library with a nematode motility assay identifies promising anthelmintic hits against Cooperia oncophora and other ruminant parasites. Vet Parasitol 265:15\u201318","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR38","unstructured":"Plate-Forme d\u2019Infectiologie Exp\u00e9rimentale (2025) https:\/\/pfie.val-de-loire.hub.inrae.fr\/. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"1622_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146021","volume":"10","author":"C Ritz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ritz C, Baty F, Streibig JC, Gerhard D (2015) Dose-response analysis using R. PLoS One 10:e0146021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1622_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092819","volume":"26","author":"AC Taki","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taki AC, Jabbar A, Kurz T, Lungerich B, Ma G, Byrne JJ, Pflieger M, Asfaha Y, Fischer F, Chang BCH, Sleebs BE, Gasser RB (2021) Three small molecule entities (MPK18, MPK334 and YAK308) with activity against Haemonchus contortusin vitro. Molecules 26:2819","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"1622_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.07.043","volume":"198","author":"M Dolinsk\u00e1","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dolinsk\u00e1 M, K\u00f6nigov\u00e1 A, Letkov\u00e1 V, Moln\u00e1r L, V\u00e1rady M (2013) Detection of ivermectin resistance by a larval development test\u2014back to the past or a step forward? Vet Parasitol 198:154\u2013158","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.01.032","volume":"170","author":"J Demeler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Demeler J, K\u00fcttler U, Von Samson-Himmelstjerna G (2010) Adaptation and evaluation of three different in vitro tests for the detection of resistance to anthelmintics in gastro intestinal nematodes of cattle. Vet Parasitol 170:61\u201370","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2018.11.003","volume":"8","author":"CL Charvet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Charvet CL, Gu\u00e9gnard F, Courtot E, Cortet J, Neveu C (2018) Nicotine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors are relevant pharmacological targets for the control of multidrug resistant parasitic nematodes. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 8:540\u2013549","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"1622_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4238-5","volume":"114","author":"C Chylinski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chylinski C, Cortet J, Sall\u00e9 G, Jacquiet P, Cabaret J (2015) Storage of gastrointestinal nematode infective larvae for species preservation and experimental infections. Parasitol Res 114:715\u2013720","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"1622_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.08.020","volume":"174","author":"J Demeler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Demeler J, K\u00fcttler U, El-Abdellati A, Stafford K, Rydzik A, Varady M, Kenyon F, Coles G, H\u00f6glund J, Jackson F, Vercruysse J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G (2010) Standardization of the larval migration inhibition test for the detection of resistance to ivermectin in gastro intestinal nematodes of ruminants. Vet Parasitol 174:58\u201364","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"1622_CR46","unstructured":"Carnot France Futur Elevage (2025) https:\/\/www.francefuturelevage.com\/. Accessed 25 June 2025"},{"key":"1622_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.03.020","volume":"188","author":"B Levecke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Levecke B, Dobson RJ, Speybroeck N, Vercruysse J, Charlier J (2012) Novel insights in the faecal egg count reduction test for monitoring drug efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes of veterinary importance. Vet Parasitol 188:391\u2013396","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-025-01622-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13567-025-01622-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-025-01622-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T16:03:25Z","timestamp":1759421005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13567-025-01622-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-025-01622-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1297-9716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1297-9716","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All of the work on animals was performed in strict accordance with the national ethics guidelines and approved by the ethics committees for animal experimentation under protocol numbers APAFIS#17560 and APAFIS #39739.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"187"}}