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This review summarizes the global epidemiological landscape of Southern African Territories (SAT) serotypes of FMD virus (FMDV) from 2010 to May 2025, with a particular emphasis on the topotypic diversity and transboundary spread of SAT2 strains. By integrating phylogenetic analysis and epitope characterization of the VP1 capsid protein, we provide preliminary insights into the evolutionary trajectories of SAT-type FMDVs and their implications for vaccine design. In light of the challenges posed by frequent antigenic drift and poor vaccine matching, we strictly assess the current status of commercial multivalent inactivated vaccines and recent advances in empty capsid subunit vaccine technologies. Comparative evaluation of these strategies underlines the need for enhanced molecular surveillance and rational vaccine optimization to mitigate the ongoing spread of SAT-type FMDV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-025-01643-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T14:05:29Z","timestamp":1765807529000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evolutionary and structural insights into VP1 epitopes of representative SAT-type FMDV strains: implications for candidate vaccine selection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Shuaiyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunli","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuanjia","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramy E.","family":"El-Ansary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chimedtseren","family":"Bayasgalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashenafi Kiros","family":"Wubshet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1643_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3102.240395","volume":"31","author":"A Di Nardo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Di Nardo A, Shaw AE, Gondard M, Wadsworth J, Girault G, Parekh K, Ludi A, Mioulet V, Bernelin-Cottet C, Hicks HM, Polo N, Bulut A, Parlak U, Gizaw D, Ababneh M, Al Ameer M, Abdulrasool LMS, Al Saloom FS, Al-Rawahi WA, Knowles NJ, Bakkali-Kassimi L, King DP (2025) Eastern Africa origin of SAT2 topotype XIV foot-and-mouth disease virus outbreaks, Western Asia, 2023. 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