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Therefore, two\n                    <jats:italic>M. hyopneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains were genetically modified by transposon-mediated gene disruption of\n                    <jats:italic>mmsA<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>mnuA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , encoding methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase and membrane nuclease A, respectively. We investigated how immune responses elicited by these genetically modified\n                    <jats:italic>M. hyopneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains protected pigs against challenge infection. An endotracheal single dose vaccination with genetically modified\n                    <jats:italic>M. hyopneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain 1 (\u0394\n                    <jats:italic>mmsA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) or 2 (\u0394\n                    <jats:italic>mnuA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), or physiological saline solution (Control) was followed by challenge infection. Piglets from \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>mnuA<\/jats:italic>\n                    had a higher respiratory disease score post-vaccination, but this group coughed significantly less after challenge. Significantly fewer DNA copies of the challenge strains were observed in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BAL) from \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>mnuA<\/jats:italic>\n                    after challenge. Two weeks post-challenge, significantly more BAL IgG and BAL IgA was observed in \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>mnuA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but at euthanasia significantly more IgA and less pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected in BAL from both vaccinated groups. Furthermore, a significantly lower percentage of IFN-\u03b3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and TNF-\u03b1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    IFN-\u03b3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells was observed after administration of \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>mnuA.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The percentage of IFN-\u03b3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells was significantly lower in \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>mmsA<\/jats:italic>\n                    at euthanasia. To conclude, the results of this exploratory study show that a single endotracheal administration of \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>mnuA<\/jats:italic>\n                    resulted in coughing post-vaccination, but reduced clinical signs post-challenge and challenge strain DNA load in BAL. Therefore, a strain mutated in the\n                    <jats:italic>mnuA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene might be an interesting mutant strain that could be promising as a potential live vaccine candidate strain as it can reduce\n                    <jats:italic>M. hyopneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection burden under field conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-025-01653-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T17:54:46Z","timestamp":1763402086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Efficacy of genetically modified Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains and their effect on local and cell-mediated immune responses in pigs"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7046-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Beuckelaere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Boyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ga\u00ebl","family":"Auray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"Haspeslagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"De Coensel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina Salome","family":"Trueeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyne","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freddy","family":"Haesebrouck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ward","family":"De Spiegelaere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Devriendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Summerfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kuhnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominiek","family":"Maes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1653_CR1","first-page":"195","volume":"71","author":"E Fano","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fano E, Pijoan C, Dee S, Deen J (2007) Effect of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae colonization at weaning on disease severity in growing pigs. 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