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In this study, we evaluated the capacity of an inactivated vaccine to prevent reproductive failure caused by congenital toxoplasmosis in sheep. The vaccine is based on an antigen extract obtained from a low passage\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    Type III isolate (TgPigSp1) preserving the ability to spontaneously produce cysts in vitro and following a procedure involving parasite inactivation via hyperosmotic shock and membrane proteins solubilisation. The vaccine prototype, consisting of 40\u00a0\u00b5g of parasite extract adjuvanted with QuilA\n                    <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                    , was evaluated in two different trials using a pregnant ovine model of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection based on orally challenging sheep at 90\u00a0days of gestation with 10 sporulated oocysts of the heterologous Type II isolate TgShSp1. Two subcutaneous immunizations at days 55 and 76 of pregnancy caused mild and transient local reactions and had no discernible impact on gestation. Vaccination triggered both specific cellular and humoral immune responses. The proportion of viable gestations resulted in 100% (vaccine trial 1) and 78% (vaccine trial 2) in vaccinated\/challenged ewes\n                    <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                    50% in unvaccinated\/challenged sheep. This increase in viable gestations was associated with a significant increase of lambs born viable for vaccine trial 1 (62.5%) and a decrease of early foetal losses (i.e. abortion) for vaccine trial 2 (70%), associated with control of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    multiplication in the cotyledons. This inactivated vaccine could be a suitable and practical tool to mitigate economic losses in sheep caused by\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    outbreaks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-026-01720-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:25:22Z","timestamp":1773908722000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A safe and efficacious inactivated vaccine aids prevent reproductive failure associated with congenital toxoplasmosis in ovine"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Javier","family":"Regidor-Cerrillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Largo-de la Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Ferre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Moreno-Gonzalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Miguel","family":"Ortega-Mora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1720_CR1","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dubey JP (2022) Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans, 3rd edn. 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Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 62:e84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1678-9946202062084","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01720-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01720-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01720-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T16:26:08Z","timestamp":1773937568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01720-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01720-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1297-9716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1297-9716","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Protocols involving animals for vaccine trials were approved by the Animal Welfare Committee of the Community of Madrid, Spain (PROEX 128.1\/21 and 36.7\/24), following Spanish and European Union legislation (Law 32\/2007, R.D. 53\/2013), and Council Directive 2010\/63\/EU). Oocyst production, described below, was also approved by the same Committee (238.3\/22). Dr. Roberto S\u00e1nchez S\u00e1nchez consented to participate in this publication and shared oocyst time of preservation at 4\u00a0\u00b0C for previous studies [\n                      \n                      ,\n                      \n                      ].","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"40"}}