{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T16:02:31Z","timestamp":1779811351052,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000202","name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Project W-146-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Project W-146-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a highly transmissible spongiform encephalopathy impacting cervids. Variations in the prion protein gene (\n                    <jats:italic>PRNP<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), encoding the prion protein (PrP), influence disease progression and susceptibility. Protein sequence is a key determinant of PrP strains and their capacity for interspecies transmission. Sequencing\n                    <jats:italic>PRNP<\/jats:italic>\n                    in white-tailed deer has revealed non-synonymous polymorphisms impacting disease\u2014c.285A\u2009&gt;\u2009C (Q95H) and c.286G\u2009&gt;\u2009A (G96S). Previous\n                    <jats:italic>PRNP<\/jats:italic>\n                    amplification protocols misclassified homozygous and heterozygous deer due to allelic dropout by a widely used forward primer. We resequenced 586 deer previously classified as homozygous using a redesigned primer (designated Ov-\n                    <jats:italic>PRNP<\/jats:italic>\n                    -F2) and found 128 heterozygotes. Subsequently, we sequenced additional CWD-positive and CWD-negative deer using Ov-\n                    <jats:italic>PRNP<\/jats:italic>\n                    -F2 to correct for dropout and then estimated PrP variant susceptibility and CWD risk using 778 CWD-positive and 3,070 CWD-negative deer from 22 Illinois counties, the largest\n                    <jats:italic>PRNP<\/jats:italic>\n                    sequence dataset to date. Animals encoding PrP variant combination C (96S) and F (95H) were the least susceptible to CWD (OR\u2009=\u20090.03,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared to deer encoding two copies of PrP variant A 95Q;96G. A novel finding is that deer encoding a single copy of PrP 95H were less susceptible to CWD compared to those with a single copy of PrP 96S (OR\u2009=\u20090.40,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The results support using genotyping methods to map susceptibility to CWD across the landscape, focusing on PrP variant frequencies to improve CWD epidemiological risk models.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-026-01752-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T13:34:28Z","timestamp":1779802468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Odocoileus virginianus PRNP sequencing reveals AF (Q95G96\/H95G96) advantage over AC (Q95G96\/Q95S96) against chronic wasting disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6417-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan W.","family":"London","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9217-5593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred L.","family":"Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8646-1291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuko","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6519-1560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tooba","family":"Latif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2890-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan E.","family":"Novakofski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2732-7359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nohra E.","family":"Mateus-Pinilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1752_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-16.1.89","volume":"16","author":"ES Williams","year":"1980","unstructured":"Williams ES, Young S (1980) Chronic wasting disease of captive mule deer: a spongiform encephalopathy. J Wildl Dis 16:89\u201398","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"1752_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6801762","volume":"216","author":"SB Prusiner","year":"1982","unstructured":"Prusiner SB (1982) Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie. Science 216:136\u2013144","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1752_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13363","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.23.13363","volume":"95","author":"SB Prusiner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Prusiner SB (1998) Prions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:13363\u201313383","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"1752_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020032","volume":"2","author":"CJ Johnson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Johnson CJ, Phillips KE, Schramm PT, McKenzie D, Aiken JM, Pedersen JA (2006) Prions adhere to soil minerals and remain infectious. PLoS Pathog 2:e32","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"1752_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90662-8","volume":"46","author":"K Basler","year":"1986","unstructured":"Basler K, Oesch B, Scott M, Westaway D, W\u00e4lchli M, Groth DF, McKinley MP, Prusiner SB, Weissman C (1986) Scrapie and cellular PrP isoforms are encoded by the same chromosomal gene. Cell 46:417\u2013428","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1752_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297911130013","volume":"76","author":"EG Afanasieva","year":"2011","unstructured":"Afanasieva EG, Kushnirov VV, Ter-Avanesyan MD (2011) Interspecies transmission of prions. Biochem Mosc 76:1375\u20131384","journal-title":"Biochem Mosc"},{"key":"1752_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/19336896.2015.1118603","volume":"10","author":"TD Kurt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kurt TD, Sigurdson CJ (2016) Cross-species transmission of CWD prions. Prion 10:83\u201391","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"1752_CR8","unstructured":"U.S. Geological Survey. Distribution of Chronic Wasting Disease in North America Accessed 6 Jan 2026. 2025."},{"key":"1752_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0375-4","volume":"47","author":"SL Benestad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benestad SL, Mitchell G, Simmons M, Ytrehus B, Vik\u00f8ren T (2016) First case of chronic wasting disease in Europe in a Norwegian free-ranging reindeer. Vet Res 47:88","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"1752_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11169","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1404739111","volume":"111","author":"R Angers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Angers R, Christiansen J, Nalls AV, Kang H-E, Hunter N, Hoover E, Mathiason CK, Sheetz M, Telling GC (2014) Structural effects of PrP polymorphisms on intra- and interspecies prion transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:11169\u201311174","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"1752_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052271","volume":"22","author":"MI Arifin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arifin MI, Hannaoui S, Chang SC, Thapa S, Schatzl HM, Gilch S (2021) Cervid prion protein polymorphisms: role in chronic wasting disease pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 22:2271","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1752_CR12","first-page":"123","volume":"10","author":"NA Rivera","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rivera NA, Brandt AL, Novakofski JE, Mateus-Pinilla NE (2019) Chronic Wasting Disease in cervids: prevalence, impact and management strategies. Vet Med Res Rep 10:123\u2013139","journal-title":"Vet Med Res Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1752_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3101.240401","volume":"31","author":"P Soto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Soto P, Bravo-Risi F, Benavente R, Stimming TH, Bodenchuk MJ, Whitley P, Morales R (2025) Detection of prions in wild pigs (Sus scrofa) from areas with reported Chronic Wasting Disease cases, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 31:168\u2013173","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1752_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/19336896.2015.1065373","volume":"9","author":"P Hammarstr\u00f6m","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hammarstr\u00f6m P, Nystr\u00f6m S (2015) Porcine prion protein amyloid. Prion 9:266\u2013277","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"1752_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01800-25","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01800-25","volume":"16","author":"F Bravo-Risi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bravo-Risi F, Brydon F, Chong A, Spicker K, Greenlee JJ, Telling G, Soto C, Pritzkow S, Barria MA, Morales R (2025) Infectious prions in brains and muscles of domestic pigs experimentally challenged with the BSE, scrapie, and CWD agents. mBio 16:e01800-25","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"1752_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/19336896.2021.1990628","volume":"15","author":"CN Ott-Conn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ott-Conn CN, Blanchong JA, Larson WA (2021) Prion protein polymorphisms in Michigan white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Prion 15:183\u2013190","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"1752_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esaa040","volume":"111","author":"TIN Perrin-Stowe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perrin-Stowe TIN, Ishida Y, Terrill EE, Hamlin BC, Penfold L, Cusack LM, Novakofski J, Mateus-Pinilla NE, Roca AL (2020) Prion protein gene (PRNP) sequences suggest differing vulnerability to Chronic Wasting Disease for Florida Key Deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) and Columbian White-Tailed Deer (O. v. leucurus). J Hered 111:564\u2013572","journal-title":"J Hered"},{"key":"1752_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4161\/pri.19640","volume":"6","author":"SJ Robinson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robinson SJ, Samuel MD, O\u2019Rourke KI, Johnson CJ (2012) The role of genetics in Chronic Wasting Disease of North American cervids. Prion 6:153\u2013162","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"1752_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/19336896.2018.1474671","volume":"12","author":"AL Brandt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brandt AL, Green ML, Ishida Y, Roca AL, Novakofski J, Mateus-Pinilla NE (2018) Influence of the geographic distribution of prion protein gene sequence variation on patterns of Chronic Wasting Disease spread in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Prion 12:204\u2013215","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"1752_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/19336896.2020.1805288","volume":"14","author":"Y Ishida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ishida Y, Tian T, Brandt AL, Kelly AC, Shelton P, Roca AL, Novakofski J, Mateus-Pinilla NE (2020) Association of Chronic Wasting Disease susceptibility with prion protein variation in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Prion 14:214\u2013225","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"1752_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4161\/pri.2.1.6321","volume":"2","author":"AC Kelly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kelly AC, Mateus-Pinilla NE, Diffendorfer J, Jewell E, Ruiz MO, Killefer J, Shelton P, Beissel T, Novakofski J (2008) Prion sequence polymorphisms and Chronic Wasting Disease resistance in Illinois white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Prion 2:28\u201336","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"1752_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.79785-0","volume":"85","author":"KI O\u2019Rourke","year":"2004","unstructured":"O\u2019Rourke KI, Spraker TR, Hamburg LK, Besser TE, Brayton KA, Knowles DP (2004) Polymorphisms in the prion precursor functional gene but not the pseudogene are associated with susceptibility to Chronic Wasting Disease in white-tailed deer. J Gen Virol 85:1339\u20131346","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"1752_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80596-6","volume":"96","author":"S Supattapone","year":"1999","unstructured":"Supattapone S, Bosque P, Muramoto T, Wille H, Aagaard C, Peretz D, Nguyen H-OB, Heinrich C, Torchia M, Safar J, Cohen FE, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB, Scott M (1999) Prion protein of 106 residues creates an artificial transmission barrier for prion replication in transgenic mice. Cell 96:869\u2013878","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1752_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1110\/ps.051822606","volume":"15","author":"RA Moore","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moore RA, Herzog C, Errett J, Kocisko DA, Arnold KM, Hayes SF, Priola SA (2006) Octapeptide repeat insertions increase the rate of protease-resistant prion protein formation. Protein Sci 15:609\u2013619","journal-title":"Protein Sci"},{"key":"1752_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17450","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017450","volume":"6","author":"CJ Johnson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Johnson CJ, Herbst A, Duque-Velasquez C, Vanderloo JP, Bochsler P, Chappell R, McKenzie D (2011) Prion protein polymorphisms affect chronic wasting disease progression. PLoS One 6:e17450","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1752_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12091396","volume":"12","author":"N Haley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Haley N, Donner R, Merrett K, Miller M, Senior K (2021) Selective breeding for disease-resistant PRNP variants to manage chronic wasting disease in farmed whitetail deer. Genes 12:1396","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"1752_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0274640","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274640","volume":"17","author":"DB Raudabaugh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Raudabaugh DB, Ishida Y, Haley NJ, Brown WM, Novakofski J, Roca AL, Mateus-Pinilla NE (2022) County-wide assessments of Illinois white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) prion protein gene variation using improved primers and potential implications for management. PLoS One 17:e0274640","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1752_CR28","unstructured":"Jacques C, McDonald P. Illinois chronic wasting disease: 2023\u20132024 surveillance and management report. 2024."},{"key":"1752_CR29","unstructured":"Ishida Y, Hamlin BC, Green RL, Schmidt EC, Freeman B, Gillin CM, Roca AL (2025) PRNP variant frequencies in Roosevelt and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis) from Oregon and their implications for chronic wasting disease. J Hered 2025;esaf096"},{"key":"1752_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks596","volume":"40","author":"A Untergasser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Untergasser A, Cutcutache I, Koressaar T, Ye J, Faircloth BC, Remm M, Rozen SG (2012) Primer3\u2013new capabilities and interfaces. Nucleic Acids Res 40:e115","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"1752_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34630-w","volume":"13","author":"RC Edgar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edgar RC (2022) Muscle5: high-accuracy alignment ensembles enable unbiased assessments of sequence homology and phylogeny. Nat Commun 13:6968","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1752_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/19336896.2015.1115179","volume":"9","author":"AL Brandt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brandt AL, Kelly AC, Green ML, Shelton P, Novakofski J, Mateus-Pinilla NE (2015) Prion protein gene sequence and chronic wasting disease susceptibility in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Prion 9:449\u2013462","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"1752_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1086\/319501","volume":"68","author":"M Stephens","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stephens M, Smith NJ, Donnelly P (2001) A new statistical method for haplotype reconstruction from population data. Am J Hum Genet 68:978\u2013989","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"1752_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1086\/379378","volume":"73","author":"M Stephens","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stephens M, Donnelly P (2003) A comparison of Bayesian methods for haplotype reconstruction from population genotype data. Am J Hum Genet 73:1162\u20131169","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"1752_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx248","volume":"34","author":"J Rozas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rozas J, Ferrer-Mata A, S\u00e1nchez-DelBarrio JC, Guirao-Rico S, Librado P, Ramos-Onsins SE, S\u00e1nchez-Garcia A (2017) DnaSP 6: DNA sequence polymorphism analysis of large data sets. Mol Biol Evol 34:3299\u20133302","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"1752_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","volume":"38","author":"K Tamura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S (2021) MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Mol Biol Evol 38:3022\u20133027","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"1752_CR37","unstructured":"Hahsler M, Annurag N. rBLAST: R Interface for the basic local alignment search tool. Bioconductor version: release (3.19). R package version 0.99.4. 2024."},{"key":"1752_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-421","volume":"10","author":"C Camacho","year":"2009","unstructured":"Camacho C, Coulouris G, Avagyan V, Ma N, Papadopoulos J, Bealer K, Madden TL (2009) BLAST+: architecture and applications. BMC Bioinformatics 10:421","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1752_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2307\/2342435","volume":"98","author":"RA Fisher","year":"1935","unstructured":"Fisher RA (1935) The logic of inductive inference. J R Stat Soc 98:39\u201382","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc"},{"key":"1752_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc B Methodol 57:289\u2013300","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc B Methodol"},{"key":"1752_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013699998","volume":"29","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"2001","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Yekutieli D (2001) The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency. Ann Stat 29:1165\u20131188","journal-title":"Ann Stat"},{"key":"1752_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/19336896.2020.1832947","volume":"14","author":"TK Chafin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chafin TK, Douglas MR, Martin BT, Zbinden ZD, Middaugh CR, Ballard JR, Gray MC, White D Jr, Douglas ME (2020) Age structuring and spatial heterogeneity in prion protein gene (PRNP) polymorphism in white-tailed deer. Prion 14:238\u2013248","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"1752_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036","volume":"16","author":"HJ Bandelt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bandelt HJ, Forster P, R\u00f6hl A (1999) Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol 16:37\u201348","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"1752_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81615-0","volume":"87","author":"C Johnson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Johnson C, Johnson J, Vanderloo JP, Keane D, Aiken JM, McKenzie D (2006) Prion protein polymorphisms in white-tailed deer influence susceptibility to chronic wasting disease. J Gen Virol 87:2109\u20132114","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"1752_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.3.576","volume":"39","author":"C Johnson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Johnson C, Johnson J, Clayton M, McKenzie D, Aiken J (2003) Prion protein gene heterogeneity in free-ranging white-tailed deer within the chronic wasting disease affected region of Wisconsin. J Wildl Dis 39:576\u2013581","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1752_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14010067","volume":"14","author":"A Fameli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fameli A, Jennelle C, Edson J, Hildebrand E, Carstensen M, Walter WD (2025) Relatedness of white-tailed deer from culling efforts within chronic wasting disease management zones in Minnesota. Pathogens 14:67","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"1752_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/66.1.109","volume":"66","author":"B Caughey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Caughey B (2003) Prion protein conversions: insight into mechanisms, TSE transmission barriers and strains. Br Med Bull 66:109\u2013120","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"1752_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M809254200","volume":"284","author":"M Hizume","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hizume M, Kobayashi A, Teruya K, Ohashi H, Ironside JW, Mohri S, Kitamoto T (2009) Human Prion Protein (PrP) 219K is converted to PrPSc but shows heterozygous inhibition in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease infection. J Biol Chem 284:3603\u20133609","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1752_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4161\/pri.3.1.8514","volume":"3","author":"A Kobayashi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kobayashi A, Hizume M, Teruya K, Mohri S, Kitamoto T (2009) Heterozygous inhibition in prion infection. Prion 3:27\u201330","journal-title":"Prion"},{"key":"1752_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19076","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.794107","volume":"292","author":"TD Kurt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kurt TD, Aguilar-Calvo P, Jiang L, Rodriguez JA, Alderson N, Eisenberg DS, Sigurdson CJ (2017) Asparagine and glutamine ladders promote cross-species prion conversion. J Biol Chem 292:19076\u201319086","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"1752_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","volume":"630","author":"J Abramson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abramson J, Adler J, Dunger J, Evans R, Green T, Pritzel A, Ronneberger O, Willmore L, Ballard AJ, Bambrick J, Bodenstein SW, Evans DA, Hung C-C, O\u2019Neill M, Reiman D, Tunyasuvunakool K, Wu Z, \u017demgulyt\u0117 A, Arvaniti E, Beattie C, Bertolli O, Bridgland A, Cherepanov A, Congreve M, Cowen-Rivers AI, Cowie A, Figurnov M, Fuchs FB, Gladman H, Jain R, Khan YA et al (2024) Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3. Nature 630:493\u2013500","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1752_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2022.100242","volume":"2","author":"LB Hyman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hyman LB, Christopher CR, Romero PA (2022) Competitive SNP-LAMP probes for rapid and robust single-nucleotide polymorphism detection. Cell Rep Methods 2:100242","journal-title":"Cell Rep Methods"},{"key":"1752_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-022-03688-9","volume":"392","author":"A Otero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Otero A, Duque Velasquez C, McKenzie D, Aiken J (2023) Emergence of CWD strains. Cell Tissue Res 392:135\u2013148","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01752-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01752-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01752-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T15:04:49Z","timestamp":1779807889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01752-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1752"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01752-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1297-9716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1297-9716","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal tissues used for DNA extraction in this project were sourced from the hunter harvest in Illinois and the state\u2019s disease surveillance efforts.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing of interests"}}],"article-number":"84"}}