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In this study, we successfully constructed a phage display antibody library by immunizing Bactrian camels, with a capacity of 6.5\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    and a recombinant positive rate of 81.25%. Three high-activity variable heavy-chain domains (VHH) were obtained by using BRV as the antigen, and the gene fragments were ligated with the prokaryotic expression vector pET\u201322b(+). The recombinant VHH was successfully expressed under induction by isopropyl \u03b2-\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    -1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). In addition, the recombinant VHH could specifically bind to BRV in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and cellular immunofluorescence assays. The neutralizing activity of VHH was further confirmed by a virus neutralization test. Furthermore, our data showed that recombinant VHH could alleviate symptoms such as diarrhea and high fever, and reduce the amount of virus release in a BRV-challenged calf model. These results suggest that the single-domain antibodies against BRV screened in this study offer an effective treatment in BRV infection, facilitating the development of novel therapeutics for BRV.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-026-01765-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T18:19:18Z","timestamp":1779387558000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potent neutralization and therapeutic efficacy of bovine rotavirus-specific VHH antibodies in infected calves"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Qihuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puchen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baohui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gege","family":"Rile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengquan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingsi","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuxiang","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1765_CR1","unstructured":"Fu S (2024) Prokaryotic expression of bovine rotavirus VP4 protein segments and preliminary analysis of immunogenicity. 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The study was approved by the Experimental Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (approval no. NND2022023; approval date: 7 March 2022). Euthanasia of the calves was performed by injection of saturated potassium chloride under deep anesthesia.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"82"}}