{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:36:47Z","timestamp":1787870207168,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["project RumiHemos, REF: PID2023-146910OB-C21; project LANDINM, REF: TED2021-132599B-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project RumiHemos, REF: PID2023-146910OB-C21; project LANDINM, REF: TED2021-132599B-C22"]}]},{"name":"Consorcio Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red (CIBER) (CB 2021), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n and Uni\u00f3n Europea \u2013 NextGenerationEU"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024077","name":"Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPIT_2024_2_005342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPIT_2024_2_005342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024077","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is a notifiable disease to the World Organisation for Animal Health caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Orbivirus ruminantium<\/jats:italic>\n                    (EHDV), closely related to bluetongue virus (BTV) and transmitted by\n                    <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. In autumn 2022, EHDV serotype 8 (EHDV-8) was detected for the first time in Spain and Europe, affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Red deer (\n                    <jats:italic>Cervus elaphus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were the most affected wild species, with reports of neurological signs, severe respiratory distress and mortality. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of EHDV-8 in this species remains poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and pathological impact of EHD in red deer, characterising clinical signs, main lesions, tissue distribution and target cells of EHDV. Clinical data were collected through a nationwide online survey and field outbreak studies, and histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on 16 confirmed EHDV-8 cases. Frequent clinical signs included neurological signs, ptyalism, lameness and dyspnoea. During the outbreak, average morbidity and mortality in captive red deer were 6.9% and 4.9%, respectively, with a case fatality rate of 70.3%, higher in males and almost exclusively in adults. Gross examination revealed extensive vascular and epithelial lesions with generalised congestion, focal to multifocal haemorrhages and marked pulmonary oedema, confirmed histologically with severe cellular damage. The most affected organs were the brain, lungs, liver, kidneys and spleen, showing interstitial oedema, vasculitis, mononuclear infiltration with necrosis, severe lymphoid depletion and gliosis with satellitosis in the brain. The EHDV antigen was primarily detected in macrophages, reticular cells, endothelial cells and epithelial cells. This study provides the first description of EHDV\u2019s clinical and pathological impact in red deer, confirming their high susceptibility to EHDV-8.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-026-01807-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T19:04:23Z","timestamp":1782932663000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unveiling the clinical signs and pathology in red deer (Cervus elaphus) naturally infected with epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus serotype 8"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Leonor","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Agull\u00f3-Ros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cano-Terriza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Abo-Zakaib-Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remigio","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Fr\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Antonio","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Gort\u00e1zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisella","family":"Armillotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Mercante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Fuentes-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Francisco","family":"Ruiz-Fons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roser","family":"Velarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00aa \u00c1ngeles","family":"Risalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1807_CR1","unstructured":"International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. ICTV report. 2025. https:\/\/ictv.global\/report\/chapter\/sedoreoviridae\/sedoreoviridae\/orbivirus. Accessed 13 Feb 2026"},{"key":"1807_CR2","unstructured":"Quaglia M, Foxi C, Satta G, Puggioni G, Bechere R, De Ascentis M, Gerardo d\u2019Alessio S, Spedicato M, Leone A, Pisciella M, Portanti O, Teodori L, Di Gialleonardo L, Camm\u00e0 C, Savini G, Goffredo M (2023) Culicoides species responsible for the transmission of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotype 8 in Italy. Vet Ital 59:83\u201389"},{"key":"1807_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.05.004","volume":"91","author":"G Savini","year":"2011","unstructured":"Savini G, Afonso A, Mellor P, Aradaib I, Yadin H, Sanaa M, Wilson W, Monaco F, Domingo M (2011) Epizootic haemorragic disease. Res Vet Sci 91:1\u201317","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"1807_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051339","volume":"11","author":"L Jim\u00e9nez-Cabello","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Cabello L, Utrilla-Trigo S, Lorenzo G, Ortego J, Calvo-Pinilla E (2023) Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus: current knowledge and emerging perspectives. Microorganisms 11:1339","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"1807_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025697","volume":"6","author":"M Belhouchet","year":"2011","unstructured":"Belhouchet M, Jaafar FM, Firth AE, Grimes JM, Mertens PPC, Attoui H (2011) Detection of a fourth Orbivirus non-structural protein. PLoS One 6:e25697","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1807_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-12-284","volume":"53","author":"MG Ruder","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruder MG, Johnson D, Ostlund E, Allison AB, Kienzle C, Phillips JE, Poulson RL, Stallknecht DE (2017) The first 10 years (2006\u201315) of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 in the USA. J Wildl Dis 53:901\u2013905","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"1807_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.111.2.155","volume":"111","author":"RE Shope","year":"1960","unstructured":"Shope RE, Macnamara LG, Mangold R (1960) A virus-induced epizootic hemorrhagic disease of the Virginia white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J Exp Med 111:155\u2013170","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"1807_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-31.1.30","volume":"31","author":"JR Fischer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fischer JR, Hansen LP, Turk JR, Miller MA, Fales WH, Gosser HS (1995) An epizootic of hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Missouri: necropsy findings and population impact. J Wildl Dis 31:30\u201336","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"1807_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.3.383","volume":"40","author":"JK Gaydos","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gaydos JK, Crum JM, Davidson WR, Cross SS, Owen SF, Stallknecht DE (2004) Epizootiology of an epizootic hemorrhagic disease outbreak in West Virginia. J Wildl Dis 40:383\u2013393","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"1807_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.3390\/v14051012","volume":"14","author":"TCS Rodrigues","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodrigues TCS, Viadanna PHO, Subramaniam K, Hawkins IK, Jeon AB, Loeb JC, Krauer JMC, Lednicky JA, Wisely SM, Waltzek TB (2022) Characterization of a novel reassortant epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 strain isolated from diseased white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on a Florida Farm. Viruses 14:1012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1807_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maclachlan NJ, Zientara S, Savini G, Daniels PW (2015) Epizootic haemorrhagic disease. Rev Sci Tech 34:341\u2013351","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.34.2.2361"},{"key":"1807_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2018.12.005","volume":"34","author":"NJ Maclachlan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maclachlan NJ, Zientara S, Wilson WC, Richt JA, Savini G (2019) Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses: recent developments with these globally re-emerging arboviral infections of ruminants. Curr Opin Virol 34:56\u201362","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"1807_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.15-0039","volume":"77","author":"Y Hirashima","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hirashima Y, Kato T, Yamakawa M, Shirafuji H, Okano R, Yanase T (2015) Reemergence of Ibaraki disease in southern Japan in 2013. J Vet Med Sci 77:1253\u20131259","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"1807_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batten CA, Edwards L, Bin-Tarif A, Henstock MR, Oura C a. L (2011) Infection kinetics of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 in Holstein-Friesian cattle. Vet Microbiol. 154:23\u20138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.06.018"},{"key":"1807_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2850","volume":"93","author":"M Kedmi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kedmi M, Van Straten M, Ezra E, Galon N, Klement E (2010) Assessment of the productivity effects associated with epizootic hemorrhagic disease in dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 93:2486\u20132495","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"1807_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1983.tb09587.x","volume":"60","author":"TD St George","year":"1983","unstructured":"St George TD, Cybinski DH, Standfast HA, Gard GP, Della-Porta AJ (1983) The isolation of five different viruses of the epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer serogroup. Aust Vet J 60:216\u2013217","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"1807_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010016","volume":"15","author":"S Sghaier","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sghaier S, Sailleau C, Marcacci M, Thabet S, Curini V, Ben Hassine T, Teodori L, Portanti O, Hammami S, Jurisic L, Spedicato M, Postic L, Gazani I, Ben Osman R, Zientara S, Br\u00e9ard E, Calistri P, Richt JA, Holmes EC, Savini G, Di Giallonardo F, Lorusso A (2022) Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus serotype 8 in Tunisia, 2021. Viruses 15:16","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1807_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.3390\/v15071567","volume":"15","author":"S Thabet","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thabet S, Sghaier S, Ben Hassine T, Slama D, Ben Osmane R, Ben Omrane R, Mouelhi W, Spedicato M, Leone A, Teodori L, Curini V, Othmani M, Berjaoui S, Rip\u00e0 P, Orabi M, Mohamed BB, Sayadi A, Slama SB, Marcacci M, Savini G, Lorusso A, Hammami S (2023) Characterization of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 8 in naturally infected Barbary deer (Cervus elaphus barbarus) and Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Tunisia. Viruses 15:1567","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1807_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2905.221773","volume":"29","author":"A Lorusso","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lorusso A, Cappai S, Loi F, Pinna L, Ruiu A, Puggioni G, Guercio A, Purpari G, Vicari D, Sghaier S, Zientara S, Spedicato M, Hammami S, Ben Hassine T, Portanti O, Breard E, Sailleu C, Ancora M, Di Sabatino D, Morelli D, Calistri P, Savini G (2023) Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 8, Italy, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 29:1063\u20131065","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1807_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2024.110069","volume":"292","author":"F Ruiz-Fons","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruiz-Fons F, Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra I, Valero M, Cuadrado-Mat\u00edas R, Relimpio D, Mart\u00ednez R, Baz-Flores S, Gonz\u00e1lvez M, Cano-Terriza D, Ortiz JA, Gort\u00e1zar C, Risalde M\u00c1 (2024) Emergence of epizootic hemorrhagic disease in red deer (Cervus elaphus), Spain, 2022. Vet Microbiol 292:110069","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"1807_CR21","unstructured":"Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentaci\u00f3n (2023) Nota EHE 29 agosto 2023. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentaci\u00f3n. https:\/\/www.mapa.gob.es\/es\/ganaderia\/temas\/sanidad-animal-higiene-ganadera\/notaehe_29_08_2023_tcm30-659356.pdf. Accessed 13 Feb 2026"},{"key":"1807_CR22","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health. WAHIS dashboard. WAHIS. 2025. https:\/\/wahis.woah.org\/#\/dashboards\/country-or-disease-dashboard. Accessed 20 Dec 2025"},{"key":"1807_CR23","first-page":"14","volume":"27","author":"\u00c1 Roy Cordero","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roy Cordero \u00c1, D\u00edez Guerrier A, Perell\u00f3 A, \u00c1lvarez S\u00e1nchez J (2023) Enfermedad hemorr\u00e1gica epizo\u00f3tica: una arbovirosis emergente. Profesi\u00f3n Veterinaria 27:14\u201325","journal-title":"Profesi\u00f3n Veterinaria"},{"key":"1807_CR24","unstructured":"Risalde M\u00c1, S\u00e1nchez JM, D\u00edez Guerrier A, Cuevas-G\u00f3mez I, Mu\u00f1oz-Fern\u00e1ndez L, Gonz\u00e1lvez M, Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra I, Gort\u00e1zar C, Cano-Terriza D (2024) \u00bfQu\u00e9 sabemos de la Enfermedad Hemorr\u00e1gica Epizo\u00f3tica en el ganado bovino en Espa\u00f1a? XXVI ANEMBE International Congress of Bovine Medicine (ANEMBE). 24\u201326 April 2024. C\u00e1ceres, Spain"},{"key":"1807_CR25","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Fern\u00e1ndez L, Cano-Terriza D, Beato-Ben\u00edtez A, Mart\u00ednez-Nevado E, Borrag\u00e1n S, Mart\u00ednez R, Ag\u00fcero M, Jim\u00e9nez-Mart\u00ednez M\u00c1, Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra I, Risalde M\u00c1 (2025) Enfermedad Hemorr\u00e1gica Epizo\u00f3tica en Espa\u00f1a: impacto en zoos y parques de fauna en semilibertad. I International Congress ENZOEM: Emerging Diseases: New horizons from a One health perspective. 5\u20137 February 2025. C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"key":"1807_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132540","volume":"10","author":"C Viarouge","year":"2015","unstructured":"Viarouge C, Breard E, Zientara S, Vitour D, Sailleau C (2015) Duplex real-time RT-PCR assays for the detection and typing of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus. PLoS One 10:e0132540","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1807_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2023.114808","volume":"321","author":"O Portanti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Portanti O, Thabet S, Abenza E, Ciarrocchi E, Pisciella M, Irelli R, Savini G, Hammami S, Pulsoni S, Casaccia C, Coetzee L, Marcacci M, Di Domenico M, Lorusso A (2023) Development and validation of an RT-qPCR for detection and quantitation of emerging epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 8 RNA from field samples. J Virol Methods 321:114808","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"1807_CR28","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (2018) Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals (terrestrial manual). WAHIS. https:\/\/www.woah.org\/standards\/terrestrial-manual\/. Accessed 8 Jan 2026"},{"key":"1807_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1089\/mab.2021.0019","volume":"41","author":"G Armillotta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Armillotta G, Di Febo T, Ulisse S, Laguardia C, Iorio M, Krasteva I, Tittarelli M, Mercante MT, Luciani M (2022) Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the VP7 protein of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. Monoclon Antibodies Immunodiagn Immunother 41:181\u2013187","journal-title":"Monoclon Antibodies Immunodiagn Immunother"},{"key":"1807_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814551579","volume":"52","author":"M\u00c1 Risalde","year":"2015","unstructured":"Risalde M\u00c1, Molina V, S\u00e1nchez-Cord\u00f3n PJ, Romero-Palomo F, Pedrera M, G\u00f3mez-Villamandos JC (2015) Effects of preinfection with bovine viral diarrhea virus on immune cells from the lungs of calves inoculated with bovine herpesvirus 1.1. Vet Pathol 52:644\u2013653","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"1807_CR31","unstructured":"Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentaci\u00f3n (2026)\u00a0Programa nacional de vigilancia de la lengua azul en Espa\u00f1a 2026.\u00a0https:\/\/www.mapa.gob.es\/es\/dam\/jcr%3Aea9528db-4661-4b5d-8801-5688035fcd78\/ProgramaLA%202026%20.pdf. Accessed 16 Feb 2026."},{"key":"1807_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2706-y","volume":"11","author":"AC Cu\u00e9llar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cu\u00e9llar AC, Kj\u00e6r LJ, Kirkeby C, Skovgard H, Nielsen SA, Stockmarr A, Andersson G, Lindstrom A, Chirico J, L\u00fchken R, Steinke S, Kiel E, Gethmann J, Conraths FJ, Larska M, Hamnes I, Sviland S, Hopp P, Brugger K, Rubel F, Balenghien T, Garros C, Rakotoarivony I, All\u00e8ne X, Lhoir J, Chavernac D, Del\u00e9colle JC, Mathieu B, Del\u00e9colle D, Setier-Rio ML, Venail R, Scheid B, Chueca M\u00c1M, Barcel\u00f3 C, Lucientes J, Estrada R, Mathis A, Tack W, B\u00f8dker R (2018) Spatial and temporal variation in the abundance of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in nine European countries. Parasite Vector 11:112","journal-title":"Parasite Vector"},{"key":"1807_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.3.584","volume":"33","author":"CF Quist","year":"1997","unstructured":"Quist CF, Howerth EW, Stallknecht DE, Brown J, Pisell T, Nettles VF (1997) Host defense responses associated with experimental hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer. J Wildl Dis 33:584\u2013599","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"1807_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815610387","volume":"53","author":"MG Ruder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ruder MG, Stallknecht DE, Allison AB, Mead DG, Carter DL, Howerth EW (2016) Host and potential vector susceptibility to an emerging Orbivirus in the United States: epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6. Vet Pathol 53:574\u2013584","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"1807_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160481","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2016.0481","volume":"14","author":"SPC Brand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brand SPC, Keeling MJ (2017) The impact of temperature changes on vector-borne disease transmission: Culicoides midges and bluetongue virus. J R Soc Interface 14:20160481","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"1807_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2024.106328","volume":"232","author":"J de Klerk","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Klerk J, Tildesley M, Robbins A, Gorsich E (2024) Parameterisation of a bluetongue virus mathematical model using a systematic literature review. Prev Vet Med 232:106328","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"1807_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-62463-3.00025-6","volume-title":"Sheep, goat, and cervid medicine","author":"BW Newcomer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Newcomer BW, Cebra C, Chamorro MF, Reppert E, Cebra M, Edmondson MA (2021) Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases). Sheep, goat, and cervid medicine. Elsevier, pp 405\u2013438"},{"key":"1807_CR38","unstructured":"DISCONTOOLS (2023) Epizootic haemorrhagic disease. DISCONTOOLS. https:\/\/www.discontools.eu\/database\/116-ehd.html. Accessed 8 Jan 2026"},{"key":"1807_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.2.190","volume":"247","author":"EF Garrett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Garrett EF, Po E, Bichi ER, Hexum SK, Melcher R, Hubner AM (2015) Clinical disease associated with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in cattle in Illinois. J Am Vet Med Assoc 247:190\u2013195","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"1807_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.2.53","volume":"162","author":"H Yadin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yadin H, Brenner J, Bumbrov V, Oved Z, Stram Y, Klement E, Perl S, Anthony S, Maan S, Batten C, Mertens PPC (2008) Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus type 7 infection in cattle in Israel. Vet Rec 162:53\u201356","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"1807_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-48.3.676","volume":"48","author":"MG Ruder","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ruder MG, Allison AB, Stallknecht DE, Mead DG, McGraw SM, Carter DL, Howerth EW (2012) Susceptibility of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to experimental infection with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 7. J Wildl Dis 48:676\u2013685","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"1807_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00001","volume":"57","author":"NK Stilwell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stilwell NK, Clarke LL, Howerth EW, Kienzle-Dean C, Fojtik A, Hollander LP, Carter D, Osborn DA, D\u2019Angelo GJ, Miller KV, Stallknecht DE, Ruder MG (2021) The effect of maternal antibodies on clinical response to infection with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in white-tailed seer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns. J Wildl Dis 57:189\u2013193","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"1807_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2008.00453.x","volume":"275","author":"A Mysterud","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mysterud A, Bonenfant C, Loe LE, Langvatn R, Yoccoz NG, Stenseth NC (2008) Age-specific feeding cessation in male red deer during rut. J Zool 275:407\u2013412","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"1807_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160313","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0313","volume":"372","author":"S Ancona","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ancona S, D\u00e9nes FV, Kr\u00fcger O, Sz\u00e9kely T, Beissinger SR (2017) Estimating adult sex ratios in nature. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 372:20160313","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"1807_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.5.3863-3871.1998","volume":"72","author":"SJ Brodie","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brodie SJ, Bardsley KD, Diem K, Mecham JO, Norelius SE, Wilson WC (1998) Epizootic hemorrhagic disease: analysis of tissues by amplification and in situ hybridization reveals widespread Orbivirus infection at low copy numbers. J Virol 72:3863\u20133871","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1807_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-38.1.177","volume":"38","author":"TH Noon","year":"2002","unstructured":"Noon TH, Wesche SL, Heffelfinger J, Fuller A, Bradley GA, Reggiardo C (2002) Hemorrhagic disease in deer in Arizona. J Wildl Dis 38:177\u2013181","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"1807_CR47","first-page":"369","volume":"55","author":"SM Raabis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Raabis SM, Byers SR, Han S, Callan RJ (2014) Epizootic hemorrhagic disease in a yak. Can Vet J 55:369\u2013372","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"1807_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858231196797","volume":"61","author":"EH Torii","year":"2024","unstructured":"Torii EH, W\u00fcnschmann A, Torchetti MK, Koster L, Van Geelen A, Atchison R, Rivas A (2024) Outbreak of epizootic hemorrhagic disease in captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Vet Pathol 61:298\u2013302","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1807_CR49","first-page":"533","volume":"16","author":"M Morel","year":"2026","unstructured":"Morel M, Nederlof RA, Espinosa-Cerrato J, Bakker J, Prieto-Yerro P, G\u00f3mez-Guillam\u00f3n M, Ag\u00fcero Garcia M, Talavera-Navarrete V, Natividad Camacho-Sillero L (2026) Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) infection in red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama) and mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon) in south-eastern Spain: implications for wildlife health and ruminant disease ecology. Vet Res 16:533","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"1807_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1975.tb00051.x","volume":"51","author":"U Inaba","year":"1975","unstructured":"Inaba U (1975) Ibaraki disease and its relationship to bluetongue. Aust Vet J 51:178\u2013185","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"1807_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2405.171859","volume":"24","author":"Y Kamomae","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kamomae Y, Kamomae M, Ohta Y, Nabe M, Kagawa Y, Ogura Y, Kato T, Tanaka S, Yanase T, Shirafuji H (2018) Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 infection in cattle, Japan, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 24:902\u2013905","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1807_CR52","first-page":"224","volume":"35","author":"AL Fletch","year":"1971","unstructured":"Fletch AL (1971) Karstad LH (1971) Studies on the pathogenesis of experimental epizootic hemorrhagic disease of white-tailed deer. Can J Comp Med 35:224\u2013229","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med"},{"key":"1807_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-9987","volume":"71","author":"JO Merino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Merino JO, la Cruz ND, Galvan G, Le\u00f3n APD, Burnes J (2019) First molecular and serological detection of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Tamaulipas. Mexico Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 71:77\u201385","journal-title":"Mexico Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec"},{"key":"1807_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6238","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1610012113","volume":"113","author":"E Melzi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Melzi E, Caporale M, Rocchi M, Mart\u00edn V, Gamino V, di Provvido A, Marruchella G, Entrican G, Sevilla N, Palmarini M (2016) Follicular dendritic cell disruption as a novel mechanism of virus-induced immunosuppression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113:E6238\u2013E6247","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1807_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255803","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1255803","volume":"14","author":"A Louloudes-L\u00e1zaro","year":"2023","unstructured":"Louloudes-L\u00e1zaro A, Rojas JM, Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda I, Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00edn D, Morel E, Mart\u00edn V, Sevilla N (2023) Comprehensive immune profiling reveals that Orbivirus infection activates immune checkpoints during acute T cell immunosuppression. Front Immunol 14:1255803","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1807_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.3390\/v13081511","volume":"13","author":"D Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00edn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00edn D, Louloudes-L\u00e1zaro A, Avia M, Mart\u00edn V, Rojas JM, Sevilla N (2021) The interplay between Bluetongue virus infections and adaptive immunity. Viruses 13:1511","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1807_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.02.033","volume":"144","author":"CS Umeshappa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Umeshappa CS, Singh KP, Nanjundappa RH, Pandey AB (2010) Apoptosis and immuno-suppression in sheep infected with bluetongue virus serotype-23. Vet Microbiol 144:310\u2013318","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"1807_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2009.12.017","volume":"143","author":"PJ S\u00e1nchez-Cord\u00f3n","year":"2010","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Cord\u00f3n PJ, Rodr\u00edguez-S\u00e1nchez B, Risalde MA, Molina V, Pedrera M, S\u00e1nchez-Vizca\u00edno JM, G\u00f3mez-Villamandos JC (2010) Immunohistochemical detection of bluetongue virus in fixed tissue. J Comp Pathol 143:20\u201328","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"1807_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717726826","volume":"29","author":"N Golender","year":"2015","unstructured":"Golender N, Khinich Y, Gorohov A, Abramovitz I, Bumbarov V (2015) Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6 outbreak in Israeli cattle in 2015. J Vet Diagn Invest 29:885\u2013888","journal-title":"J VET Diagn Invest"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01807-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01807-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01807-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T20:04:05Z","timestamp":1782936245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01807-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01807-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1297-9716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1297-9716","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"118"}}