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In this study, chicken cathelicidin-1 (cCATH-1) and chicken cathelicidin-3 (cCATH-3) were selected based on their markedly different minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against avian pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (APEC) strains, with MICs of cCATH-1 being 4- to 16-fold lower than those of cCATH-3. However, following intraperitoneal challenge with APEC strain E058 (4 \u00d7 10\u2076 CFU\/mouse), 80% of cCATH-3 treated mice survived while 20% of cCATH-1 treated mice survived. Flow cytometry (FC) revealed significantly lower peripheral blood Ly6C\n                    <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                    monocytes but higher peritoneal Ly6C\n                    <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                    macrophages in cCATH-3-treated mice at 4 and 8 h post-treatment. Peritoneal CCL3 secretion was significantly upregulated in cCATH-3 treated mice at 8 h post-treatment. Upon knockout of macrophages, the protection of cCATH-3 in mice against APEC E058 challenge was markedly abolished. In vitro, peritoneal macrophages treated with cCATH-3 showed stronger bacteriocidal activity than those treated with cCATH-1. Mouse CCL-3 (mCCL3)-specific antibody neutralize the effect of mCCL3 on macrophages chemotaxis in vitro. mCCL3-specific antibody administration resulted in 0% survival in cCATH-3-treated mice versus 60% survival in cCATH-3-treated mice administered with mock antibody, while cCATH-1-treated mice showed 0% survival administered with either mCCL3-specific antibody or mock antibody after APEC E058 strain challenge. In summary, cCATH-3 provides robust protection against APEC infection compared with cCATH-1 in mice, partially through CCL3-mediated macrophage chemotaxis and enhanced bacteriocidal activity in activated macrophages, revealing a novel mechanism of avian cathelicidins and supporting HDPs as alternatives to antibiotics for controlling avian colibacillosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-026-01844-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:59:17Z","timestamp":1791259157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chicken cathelicidin-3 protected mice from avian pathogenic Escherichia coli infection mediated by triggering chemokine CCL3 pathway"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Luyao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengliang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiemin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaotong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haochun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingting","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changchao","family":"Huan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4814-2353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinan","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiufan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1844_CR1","volume-title":"Diseases of poultry, volume 1","author":"LK Nolan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nolan LK, Vaillancourt JP, Barbieri NL, Logue CM (2019) Colibacillosis. 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