{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:52:35Z","timestamp":1791384755010,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Between 14 October 2024 and 24 March 2025, 43 cases of clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) type A (H5N1) infections in wild birds and 1 case in a leopard cat were detected through the national HPAI surveillance program. We performed whole-genome sequencing of 51 isolates and investigated their phylogenetic relationships. Phylogenetic analyses identified nine distinct genotypes, designated Kor24\u201325A to Kor24\u201325I. The most commonly detected genotype, Kor24\u201325A (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 24), was frequently detected in Pelecaniformes and was most prevalent between December 2024 and January 2025. Bayesian continuous and discrete trait phylodynamic analyses using\n                    <jats:italic>HA<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene sequences\u00a0identified the three most probable routes of viral introduction via Gyeonggi, Jeju, and the southern coastal areas of the Korean Peninsula and suggested that wild ducks served as the primary reservoirs facilitating viral transmission in the wild bird population. During the 2024\u20132025 season, great egrets (\n                    <jats:italic>Ardea alba<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) appeared to be more frequently affected than other wild bird species, suggesting possible seasonal differences in species-specific disease outcomes among wild birds. This study provides valuable insights into the phylodynamics, host associations, and transmission patterns of HPAI H5N1 viruses. It emphasizes the importance of enhanced surveillance programs targeting key avian hosts and high-risk geographic areas.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-026-01847-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:11:51Z","timestamp":1791375111000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiple introductions and spread of novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses via wild birds, South Korea, 2024\u20132025"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Ye-Ram","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ha-Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Jae","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-Hak","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyesung","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suwoong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Seon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Hun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1847_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2017.18.S1.269","volume":"18","author":"DH Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee DH, Bertran K, Kwon JH, Swayne DE (2017) Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4. J Vet Sci 18:269\u2013280","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"1847_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20814","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2001813117","volume":"117","author":"SJ Lycett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lycett SJ, Pohlmann A, Staubach C, Caliendo V, Woolhouse M, Beer M, Kuiken T, Global Consortium for H5N8 and Related Influenza Viruses (2020) Genesis and spread of multiple reassortants during the 2016\/2017 H5 avian influenza epidemic in Eurasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 117:20814\u201320825","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1847_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021) Antigenic and genetic characteristics of zoonotic influenza A viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/influenza\/who-influenza-recommendations\/vcm-southern-hemisphere-recommendation-2022\/202110_zoonotic_vaccinevirusupdate.pdf?sfvrsn=8f87a5f1_1. Accessed 20 August 2026"},{"key":"1847_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218945","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2218945","volume":"12","author":"JH Kwon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kwon JH, Bertran K, Lee DH, Criado MF, Killmaster L, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Swayne DE (2023) Diverse infectivity, transmissibility, and pathobiology of clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in chickens. Emerg Microbes Infect 12:2218945","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect."},{"key":"1847_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00424-25","volume":"99","author":"Z Xie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xie Z, Yang J, Jiao W, Li X, Iqbal M, Liao M, Dai M (2025) Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses: knowns, unknowns, and challenges. J Virol 99:e00424-25","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1847_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020212","volume":"13","author":"JH Verhagen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verhagen JH, Fouchier RA, Lewis N (2021) Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses at the wild\u2013domestic bird interface in Europe: future directions for research and surveillance. Viruses 13:212","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1847_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14091372","volume":"14","author":"G Graziosi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Graziosi G, Lupini C, Catelli E, Carnaccini S (2024) Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in birds and mammals. Animals (Basel) 14:1372","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"1847_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2025.2498918","volume":"45","author":"SH Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee SH, Kwon JH, Youk S, Lee SW, Lee DH, Song CS (2025) Epidemiology and pathobiology of H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza in South Korea (2003\u20132024): a comprehensive review. Vet Q 45:23\u201338","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"1847_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3255","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14551","volume":"69","author":"M Sagong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sagong M, Lee YN, Song S, Cha RM, Lee EK, Kang YM, Cho HK, Kang HM, Lee YJ, Lee KN (2022) Emergence of clade 2.3.4.4b novel reassortant H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus in South Korea during late 2021. Transbound Emerg Dis 69:e3255\u2013e3260","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"1847_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3002.231274","volume":"30","author":"YR Seo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seo YR, Cho AY, Si YJ, Lee SI, Kim DJ, Jeong H, Kwon JH, Song CS, Lee DH (2024) Evolution and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus in wild birds, South Korea, 2022\u20132023. Emerg Infect Dis 30:299\u2013309","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1847_CR11","unstructured":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (2023) Highly pathogenic avian influenza detection status. https:\/\/www.qia.go.kr\/viewwebQiaCom.do?id=60620&type=2_12qlgzls. Accessed 20 August 2026"},{"key":"1847_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499440","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1499440","volume":"11","author":"YR Seo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seo YR, Lee SH, Jeong S, Cho H, Kim D, Kim DJ, Si YJ, Jeong H, Lee S, Song CS, Swayne DE (2024) Genetic and pathological analysis of hooded cranes (Grus monacha) naturally infected with clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in South Korea in the winter of 2022. Front Vet Sci 11:1499440","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"1847_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366082","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1366082","volume":"18","author":"AY Cho","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cho AY, Si YJ, Lee DY, Kim DJ, Kim D, Jeong H, Song CS, Lee DH (2024) Index case of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in wild birds, South Korea, November 2023. Front Vet Sci 18:1366082","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"1847_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3006.240194","volume":"30","author":"GB Heo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Heo GB, Kang YM, An SH, Kim Y, Cha RM, Jang Y, Lee EK, Lee YJ, Lee KN (2024) Concurrent infection with clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 and H5N1 viruses, South Korea, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis 30:1223\u20131227","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1847_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526118","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1526118","volume":"10","author":"YJ Si","year":"2025","unstructured":"Si YJ, Kim DJ, Lee SH, Seo YR, Jeong H, Lee S, Lee DH (2025) New incursions of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in wild birds, South Korea, October 2024. Front Vet Sci 10:1526118","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"1847_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638067","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1638067","volume":"12","author":"YJ Si","year":"2025","unstructured":"Si YJ, Lee SH, Kim DJ, Lee K, Lee MA, Lee DY, Seo YR, Jeong H, Lee S, Lee DH (2025) First detection of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in a wild leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in South Korea. Front Vet Sci. 12:1638067","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"1847_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0346-8_11","volume-title":"Animal influenza virus: methods and protocols","author":"E Spackman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spackman E (2020) Avian influenza virus detection and quantitation by real-time RT-PCR. In: Spackman E (ed) Animal influenza virus: methods and protocols. Springer, New York, NY, pp 137\u2013148"},{"key":"1847_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0346-8_6","volume-title":"Animal influenza virus: methods and protocols","author":"DH Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee DH (2020) Complete genome sequencing of influenza A viruses using next-generation sequencing. In: Spackman E (ed) Animal influenza virus: methods and protocols. Springer, New York, NY, pp 69\u201379"},{"key":"1847_CR19","unstructured":"Qiagen C L C (2026) Genomics workbench. https:\/\/www.qiagen.com. Accessed 20 August 2026"},{"key":"1847_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.13.30494","volume":"22","author":"Y Shu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shu Y, McCauley J (2017) GISAID: global initiative on sharing all influenza data\u2014from vision to reality. Euro Surveill 22:30494","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"1847_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.2.649","volume":"46","author":"DH Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee DH, Lee HJ, Lee YJ, Kang HM, Jeong OM, Kim MC, Kwon JS, Kwon JH, Kim CB, Lee JB (2010) DNA barcoding techniques for avian influenza virus surveillance in migratory bird habitats. J Wildl Dis 46:649\u2013654","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"1847_CR22","unstructured":"Los Alamos (2026) National laboratory HIV sequence database elimdupes. https:\/\/www.hiv.lanl.gov\/content\/sequence\/elimdupesv2\/elimdupes.html. Accessed 20 August 2026"},{"key":"1847_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx108","volume":"20","author":"K Katoh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Katoh K, Rozewicki J, Yamada KD (2019) MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Brief Bioinform 20:1160\u20131166","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"1847_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu033","volume":"30","author":"A Stamatakis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stamatakis A (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30:1312\u20131313","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1847_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W78","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268","volume":"52","author":"I Letunic","year":"2024","unstructured":"Letunic I, Bork P (2024) Interactive tree of life (iTOL) v6: recent updates to the phylogenetic tree display and annotation tool. Nucleic Acids Res 52:W78\u2013W82","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"1847_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12410","volume":"6","author":"JW Leigh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leigh JW, Bryant D (2015) POPART: full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods Ecol Evol 6:1110\u20131116","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"1847_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3390\/v18050558","volume":"18","author":"A Marandino","year":"2026","unstructured":"Marandino A, Tom\u00e1s G, Panzera Y, Uriarte V, Russi V, P\u00e9rez R, Bassetti L, Negro R, Rodr\u00edguez S, P\u00e9rez R (2026) Reassortant high pathogenicity avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses during the reemergence in uruguay suggest increasing genetic diversity in South America. Viruses 18:558","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"1847_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"veaf011","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaf011","volume":"11","author":"E Giussani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Giussani E, Sartori A, Salomoni A, Cavicchio L, de Battisti C, Pastori A, Varotto M, Zecchin B, Hughes J, Monne I, Fusaro A (2025) FluMut: a tool for mutation surveillance in highly pathogenic H5N1 genomes. Virus Evol 11:veaf011","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"1847_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vey016","volume":"4","author":"MA Suchard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suchard MA, Lemey P, Baele G, Ayres DL, Drummond AJ, Rambaut A (2018) Bayesian phylogenetic and phylodynamic data integration using BEAST 1.10. Virus Evol 4:vey016","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"1847_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vew007","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vew007","volume":"2","author":"A Rambaut","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rambaut A, Lam TT, Carvalho LM, Pybus OG (2016) Exploring the temporal structure of heterochronous sequences using TempEst (formerly Path-O-Gen). Virus Evol 2:vew007","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"key":"1847_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3486","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab031","volume":"38","author":"S Dellicour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dellicour S, Gill MS, Faria NR, Rambaut A, Pybus OG, Suchard MA, Lemey P (2021) Relax, keep walking\u2014a practical guide to continuous phylogeographic inference with BEAST. Mol Biol Evol 38:3486\u20133493","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"1847_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCE.2010.5676129","author":"MA Miller","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Gateway Comput Environ Workshop (GCE). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GCE.2010.5676129","journal-title":"Gateway Comput Environ Workshop (GCE)"},{"key":"1847_CR33","unstructured":"Rambaut A (2018) FigTree. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh. http:\/\/tree.bio.ed.ac.uk\/software\/figtree\/. Accessed 20 August 2026"},{"key":"1847_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"078","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vead078","volume":"10","author":"F Chevenet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chevenet F, Fargette D, Bastide P, Vitr\u00e9 T, Guindon S (2024) EvoLaps 2: advanced phylogeographic visualization. Virus Evol 10:078","journal-title":"Virus Evol"},{"key":"1847_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr481","volume":"27","author":"F Bielejec","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bielejec F, Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Lemey P (2011) SPREAD: spatial phylogenetic reconstruction of evolutionary dynamics. Bioinformatics 27:2910\u20132912","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1847_CR36","unstructured":"Bedford T (2011). PACT: Posterior Analysis of Coalescent Trees. GitHub. https:\/\/github.com\/trvrb\/PACT. Accessed 20 August 2026"},{"key":"1847_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000520","volume":"5","author":"P Lemey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lemey P, Rambaut A, Drummond AJ, Suchard MA (2009) Bayesian phylogeography finds its roots. PLoS Comput Biol 5:e1000520","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"1847_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572","volume":"90","author":"RE Kass","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kass RE, Raftery AE (1995) Bayes factor and model uncertainty. J Am Stat Assoc 90:773\u2013795","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"1847_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15061403","volume":"15","author":"RM Cha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cha RM, Lee YN, Park MJ, Baek YG, Shin JI, Jung CH, Sagong M, Heo GB, Kang YM, Lee KN (2023) Genetic characterization and pathogenesis of H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus isolated in South Korea during 2021\u20132022. Viruses 15:1403","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"1847_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"027","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veae027","volume":"10","author":"A Fusaro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fusaro A, Zecchin B, Giussani E, Palumbo E, Ag\u00fcero-Garc\u00eda M, Bachofen C, B\u00e1lint \u00c1, Banihashem F, Banyard AC, Beerens N, Bourg M, Briand FX, Br\u00f6jer C, Brown IH, Brugger B, Byrne AMP, Cana A, Christodoulou V, Dirbakova Z, Fagulha T, Fouchier RAM, Garza-Cuartero L, Georgiades G, Gjerset B, Grasland B, Groza O, Harder T, Henriques AM, Hjulsager CK, Ivanova E, Janeliunas Z, et al.\u00a0(2024) High pathogenic avian influenza A (H5) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe\u2014why trends of virus evolution are more difficult to predict. Virus Evol 10:veae027","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"1847_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1122438","volume":"312","author":"B Olsen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Olsen B, Munster VJ, Wallensten A, Waldenstro\u0308m J, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM (2006) Global patterns of influenza A virus in wild birds. Science 312:384\u2013388","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1847_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00336","volume":"88","author":"E Spackman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Spackman E (2009) The ecology of avian influenza virus in wild birds: what does this mean for poultry? Poult Sci 88:847\u2013850","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"1847_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.3.896","volume":"46","author":"JD Brown","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brown JD, Luttrell MP, Berghaus RD, Kistler W, Keeler SP, Howey A, Wilcox B, Hall J, Niles L, Dey A (2010) Prevalence of antibodies to type A influenza virus in wild avian species using two serologic assays. J Wildl Dis 46:896\u2013911","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"1847_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00815","volume":"10","author":"P Eriksson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eriksson P, Lindskog C, Lorente-Leal V, Waldenstr\u00f6m J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Acuna D, J\u00e4rhult JD, Lundkvist \u00c5, Olsen B, Jourdain E, Ellstr\u00f6m P (2019) Attachment patterns of human and avian influenza viruses to trachea and colon of 26 bird species\u2014support for the community concept. Front Microbiol 10:815","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1847_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118924341.ch12","volume-title":"Animal influenza","author":"LD Sims","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sims LD, Weaver J, Swayne DE (2016) Epidemiology of avian influenza in agricultural and other man-made systems. In: Swayne DE (ed) Animal influenza, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, pp 302\u2013336","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"1847_CR46","first-page":"e8930","volume":"22","author":"L Alexakis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alexakis L, Fusaro A, Kuiken T, Mirinavi\u010di\u016bt\u0117 G, St\u00e5hl K, Staubach C, Svartstr\u00f6m O, Terregino C (2024) European Food Safety Authority, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza\u2014avian influenza overview March\u2013June 2024. EFSA J 22:e8930","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"1847_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e953","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14376","volume":"69","author":"DS Yoo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoo DS, Lee K, Beatriz ML, Chun BC, Belkhiria J, Lee KN (2022) Spatiotemporal risk assessment for avian influenza outbreak based on the dynamics of habitat suitability for wild birds. Transbound Emerg Dis 69:e953\u2013e967","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"1847_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3108.250373","volume":"31","author":"YR Seo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Seo YR, Cho AY, Kim DJ, Si YJ, Jeong HS, Lee SW, Song CS, Lee DH (2025) Transmission dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) and A (H5N6) viruses in wild birds, South Korea, 2023\u20132024. Emerg Infect Dis 31:1561\u20131572","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1847_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090951","volume":"14","author":"N Isoda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Isoda N, Hew LY, Nishikawa K, Takaya F, Shimazu Y, Kobayashi D, Nabeshima K, Honjyo H, Esaki M, Okuya K (2025) Genetic diversity of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated in Hokkaido, Japan, during winter 2024\u20132025. Pathogens (Basel) 14:951","journal-title":"Pathogens (Basel)"},{"key":"1847_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3105.241410","volume":"31","author":"M Esaki","year":"2025","unstructured":"Esaki M, Okuya K, Tokorozaki K, Haraguchi Y, Hasegawa T, Ozawa M (2025) Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) outbreak in endangered cranes, Izumi Plain, Japan, 2022\u201323. Emerg Infect Dis 31:937\u2013947","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01847-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01847-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01847-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:02:11Z","timestamp":1791381731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01847-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01847-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1297-9716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1297-9716","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All wildlife sampling activities were conducted in accordance with the regulations of the National Institute of Wildlife Disease Control and Prevention and relevant national guidelines. Specimens were obtained from naturally deceased animals or through noninvasive oropharyngeal\/cloacal swabbing of live wild birds.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"178"}}