{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:49:30Z","timestamp":1791672570149,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Henan Provincial Youth Talent Support Program","award":["No. 2026HYTP066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2026HYTP066"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 32373074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 32373074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Joint Fund for Science and Technology Research and Development of Henan Province","award":["252301420010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["252301420010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. from food animals represent important reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance; however, the mechanisms underlying tigecycline resistance remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the genetic basis and evolutionary dynamics of tigecycline resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus hirae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Among 118\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates recovered from 150 swine-derived samples,\n                    <jats:italic>E. hirae<\/jats:italic>\n                    was the predominant species (68\/118, 57.63%). Tigecycline resistance was identified in ten isolates (10\/118, 8.47%), all belonging to a single\n                    <jats:italic>E. hirae<\/jats:italic>\n                    clone. Whole-genome sequencing of a representative isolate, EG2361, revealed three plasmids, among which pEG2361-2 harbored an IS\n                    <jats:italic>1216E<\/jats:italic>\n                    -associated multidrug resistance region capable of generating two circular translocatable units (TUs). TU1, carrying the promoter-variant\n                    <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    (L) locus together with\n                    <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    (M) and\n                    <jats:italic>poxtA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , underwent tandem amplification, leading to plasmid structural heterogeneity. Functional analyses demonstrated that\n                    <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    (L) reduced tigecycline susceptibility, whereas enhanced resistance mainly associated with variation in the upstream promoter region rather than Tet(L) amino acid substitutions. Experimental evolution revealed a dynamic resistance trajectory. The initial increase in tigecycline resistance was associated with TU1 amplification and marked upregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    (L) expression. Subsequently,\n                    <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    (L) expression declined, whereas tigecycline minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) remained elevated and stable. Recurrent\n                    <jats:italic>rpsJ<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations emerged independently across evolved lineages and were associated with high-level resistance. Together, these findings support a stepwise evolutionary model in which insertion sequence (IS)\n                    <jats:italic>1216E<\/jats:italic>\n                    -mediated amplification of the promoter-variant\n                    <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                    (L) locus drives rapid early adaptation, followed by the emergence of chromosomal\n                    <jats:italic>rpsJ<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutations associated with stable high-level resistance. This study expands current understanding of tigecycline resistance evolution in enterococci and highlights the interplay among mobile genetic elements, transcriptional regulation, and chromosomal adaptation in shaping antimicrobial resistance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-026-01853-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:14:18Z","timestamp":1791670458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stepwise evolution of tigecycline resistance in Enterococcus hirae through early IS1216E-mediated tet(L) amplification and subsequent rpsJ mutations"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Yanbin","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyi","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guimei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaijia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RuiTing","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1853_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2018.10.002","volume":"40","author":"JK Bender","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bender JK, Cattoir V, Hegstad K, Sadowy E, Coque TM, Westh H, Hammerum AM, Schaffer K, Burns K, Murchan S, Novais C, Freitas AR, Peixe L, Del Grosso M, Pantosti A, Werner G (2018) Update on prevalence and mechanisms of resistance to linezolid, tigecycline and daptomycin in enterococci in Europe: towards a common nomenclature. Drug Resist Updat 40:25\u201339","journal-title":"Drug Resist Updat"},{"key":"1853_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04121-1","volume":"41","author":"S Yaghoubi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yaghoubi S, Zekiy AO, Krutova M, Gholami M, Kouhsari E, Sholeh M, Ghafouri Z, Maleki F (2022) Tigecycline antibacterial activity, clinical effectiveness, and mechanisms and epidemiology of resistance: narrative review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 41:1003\u20131022","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"1853_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-025-00806-7","volume":"24","author":"M Brajerova","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brajerova M, Nyc O, Drevinek P, Krutova M (2025) Genomic insights into the spread of vancomycin- and tigecycline-resistant Enterococcus faecium ST117. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 24:36","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"1853_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01148-0","volume":"3","author":"C Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun C, Cui M, Zhang S, Liu D, Fu B, Li Z, Bai R, Wang Y, Wang H, Song L, Zhang C, Zhao Q, Shen J, Xu S, Wu C, Wang Y (2020) Genomic epidemiology of animal-derived tigecycline-resistant Escherichia coli across China reveals recent endemic plasmid-encoded tet(X4) gene. Commun Biol 3:412","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"1853_CR5","first-page":"e06864","volume":"19","author":"K Koutsoumanis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez-Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Andersson DI, Bampidis V, Bengtsson-Palme J, Bouchard D, Ferran A, Kouba M, L\u00f3pez Puente S, L\u00f3pez-Alonso M, Nielsen SS, Pechov\u00e1 A, Petkova M, Girault S, Broglia A, Guerra B, et al. (2021) Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed Part 12: Tetracyclines: tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline. EFSA J 19:e06864","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"1853_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-63984-y","volume":"14","author":"T Cebeci","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cebeci T (2024) Species prevalence, virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance of enterococci from food-producing animals at a slaughterhouse in Turkey. Sci Rep 14:13191","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1853_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.04174-14","volume":"59","author":"V Cattoir","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cattoir V, Isnard C, Cosquer T, Odhiambo A, Bucquet F, Gu\u00e9rin F, Giard JC (2015) Genomic analysis of reduced susceptibility to tigecycline in Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:239\u2013244","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1853_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5561","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00547-15","volume":"59","author":"K Beabout","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beabout K, Hammerstrom TG, Perez AM, Magalh\u00e3es BF, Prater AG, Clements TP, Arias CA, Saxer G, Shamoo Y (2015) The ribosomal S10 protein is a general target for decreased tigecycline susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:5561\u20135566","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1853_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.671153","volume":"12","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Lin L, Pan Y, Chen J (2021) Characterization of tigecycline-heteroresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from a Chinese tertiary care teaching hospital. Front Microbiol 12:671153","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1853_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.01010-21","volume":"9","author":"J Jo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jo J, Ko KS (2021) Tigecycline heteroresistance and resistance mechanism in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. Microbiol Spectr 9:e0101021","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"1853_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399732","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1399732","volume":"14","author":"XY Fan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fan XY, Jiang Y, Wu H, Liu J, Gu QY, Wang ZY, Sun L, Jiao X, Li Q, Wang J (2024) Distribution and spread of tigecycline resistance gene tet(X4) in Escherichia coli from different sources. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 14:1399732","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"1853_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.808744","volume":"13","author":"MU Anyanwu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anyanwu MU, Nwobi OC, Okpala COR, Ezeonu IM (2022) Mobile tigecycline resistance: an emerging health catastrophe requiring urgent one health global intervention. Front Microbiol 13:808744","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1853_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289396","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1289396","volume":"14","author":"L Korczak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Korczak L, Majewski P, Iwaniuk D, Sacha P, Matulewicz M, Wieczorek P, Majewska P, Wieczorek A, Radziwon P, Tryniszewska E (2024) Molecular mechanisms of tigecycline-resistance among Enterobacterales. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 14:1289396","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"1853_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engmic.2024.100165","volume":"4","author":"W Su","year":"2024","unstructured":"Su W, Wang W, Li L, Zhang M, Xu H, Fu C, Pang X, Wang M (2024) Mechanisms of tigecycline resistance in Gram-negative bacteria: a narrative review. Eng Microbiol 4:100165","journal-title":"Eng Microbiol"},{"key":"1853_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.01310-21","volume":"9","author":"N Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang N, Li D, Schwarz S, Qin S, Yao H, Du XD (2021) Novel tet(L) efflux pump variants conferring resistance to tigecycline and eravacycline in Staphylococcus Spp. Microbiol Spectr 9:e0131021","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"1853_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.709327","volume":"8","author":"R Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu R, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Schwarz S, Li XS, Shang YH, Du XD (2021) Emergence of a tet(M) variant conferring resistance to tigecycline in Streptococcus suis. Front Vet Sci 8:709327","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"1853_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2017.1283824","volume":"71","author":"C Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu C, Zhu Q, Chang J, Yin Q, Song A, Li Z, Wang E, Lu F (2017) Effects of Lactobacillus casei and Enterococcus faecalis on growth performance, immune function and gut microbiota of suckling piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 71:120\u2013133","journal-title":"Arch Anim Nutr"},{"key":"1853_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.956092","volume":"12","author":"WR Miller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Miller WR, Munita JM, Arias CA (2014) Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in enterococci. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 12:1221\u20131236","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"1853_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaf057","volume":"49","author":"Z Lu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lu Z, McLnnes RS, Allen F, Gadar K, van Schaik W (2025) Resistance to last-resort antibiotics in enterococci. FEMS Microbiol Rev 49:57","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"1853_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9275403","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/9275403","volume":"2025","author":"J Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang J, Li A, Wang M, Gu S, Hu H, Wang X, Wang L (2025) Genetic characterization of a linezolid- and penicillin-resistant Enterococcus hirae isolate co-harboring poxtA and pbp5fm. Transbound Emerg Dis 2025:9275403","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"1853_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.859990","volume":"13","author":"SE Zaidi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zaidi SE, Zaheer R, Barbieri R, Cook SR, Hannon SJ, Booker CW, Church D, Van Domselaar G, Zovoilis A, McAllister TA (2022) Genomic characterization of Enterococcus hirae from beef cattle feedlots and associated environmental continuum. Front Microbiol 13:859990","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1853_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12101487","volume":"12","author":"J Bzdil","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bzdil J, Sladecek V, Senk D, Stolar P, Waicova Z, Kollertova N, Zouharova M, Matiaskova K, Linhart P, Nedbalcova K (2023) Enterococci isolated from one-day-old chickens and their phenotypic susceptibility to antimicrobials in the Czech Republic. Antibiotics (Basel) 12:1487","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"1853_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14550","volume":"128","author":"S Cho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cho S, Hiott LM, McDonald JM, Barrett JB, McMillan EA, House SL, Adams ES, Frye JG, Jackson CR (2020) Diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus from the Upper Oconee Watershed, Georgia. J Appl Microbiol 128:1221\u20131233","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"1853_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01505-21","volume":"10","author":"X Shan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shan X, Yang M, Wang N, Schwarz S, Li D, Du XD (2022) Plasmid fusion and recombination events that occurred during conjugation of poxtA-carrying plasmids in enterococci. Microbiol Spectr 10:e0150521","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"1853_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1900-2","volume":"9","author":"M Schubert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schubert M, Lindgreen S, Orlando L (2016) AdapterRemoval v2: rapid adapter trimming, identification, and read merging. BMC Res Notes 9:88","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"1853_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0072-8","volume":"37","author":"M Kolmogorov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kolmogorov M, Yuan J, Lin Y, Pevzner PA (2019) Assembly of long, error-prone reads using repeat graphs. Nat Biotechnol 37:540\u2013546","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"1853_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112963","volume":"9","author":"BJ Walker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Walker BJ, Abeel T, Shea T, Priest M, Abouelliel A, Sakthikumar S, Cuomo CA, Zeng Q, Wortman J, Young SK, Earl AM (2014) Pilon: an integrated tool for comprehensive microbial variant detection and genome assembly improvement. PLoS One 9:e112963","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1853_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-75","volume":"9","author":"RK Aziz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aziz RK, Bartels D, Best AA, DeJongh M, Disz T, Edwards RA, Formsma K, Gerdes S, Glass EM, Kubal M, Meyer F, Olsen GJ, Olson R, Osterman AL, Overbeek RA, McNeil LK, Paarmann D, Paczian T, Parrello B, Pusch GD, Reich C, Stevens R, Vassieva O, Vonstein V, Wilke A, Zagnitko O (2008) The RAST server: rapid annotations using subsystems technology. BMC Genomics 9:75","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"1853_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa345","volume":"75","author":"V Bortolaia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bortolaia V, Kaas RS, Ruppe E, Roberts MC, Schwarz S, Cattoir V, Philippon A, Allesoe RL, Rebelo AR, Florensa AF, Fagelhauer L, Chakraborty T, Neumann B, Werner G, Bender JK, Stingl K, Nguyen M, Coppens J, Xavier BB, Malhotra-Kumar S, Westh H, Pinholt M, Anjum MF, Duggett NA, Kempf I, Nyk\u00e4senoja S, Olkkola S, Wieczorek K, Amaro A, Clemente L et al (2020) ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes. J Antimicrob Chemother 75:3491\u20133500","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"1853_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02412-14","volume":"58","author":"A Carattoli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carattoli A, Zankari E, Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez A, Voldby Larsen M, Lund O, Villa L, M\u00f8ller Aarestrup F, Hasman H (2014) In silico detection and typing of plasmids using PlasmidFinder and plasmid multilocus sequence typing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:3895\u20133903","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1853_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D32","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkj014","volume":"34","author":"P Siguier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Siguier P, Perochon J, Lestrade L, Mahillon J, Chandler M (2006) ISfinder: the reference centre for bacterial insertion sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 34:D32-36","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"1853_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr039","volume":"27","author":"MJ Sullivan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sullivan MJ, Petty NK, Beatson SA (2011) Easyfig: a genome comparison visualizer. Bioinformatics 27:1009\u20131010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"1853_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534498","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1534498","volume":"12","author":"Q Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Q, Liang Y, Dong Y, Cui J, He K, Ma X, Zhao J, Zhai Y, Yuan L (2025) H-NS controls the susceptibility of Escherichia coli to aminoglycosides by interfering its uptake and efflux. Front Vet Sci 12:1534498","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"1853_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01060-24","volume":"69","author":"AM Turner","year":"2025","unstructured":"Turner AM, Kinsella P, Miller WR, Carter GP, Tran TT, Howden BP, Arias CA (2025) Therapeutic approach to difficult-to-treat multidrug-resistant enterococcal infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 69:e0106024","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1853_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-024-00728-w","volume":"23","author":"L Guan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guan L, Beig M, Wang L, Navidifar T, Moradi S, Motallebi Tabaei F, Teymouri Z, Abedi Moghadam M, Sedighi M (2024) Global status of antimicrobial resistance in clinical Enterococcus faecalis isolates: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 23:80","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"1853_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103631","volume":"103","author":"J Cui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cui J, Dong Y, Chen Q, Zhang C, He K, Hu G, He D, Yuan L (2024) Horizontal transfer characterization of ColV plasmids in blaCTX-M-bearing avian Escherichia coli. Poult Sci 103:103631","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"1853_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109542","volume":"273","author":"X Shan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shan X, Yao H, Schwarz S, Li D, Li XS, Du XD (2022) Excision and integration of unconventional circularizable structures involving the erm(B) gene in enterococci. Vet Microbiol 273:109542","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"1853_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106929","volume":"62","author":"Q Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Q, Peng K, Liu Z, Li Y, Xiao X, Du XD, Li R, Wang Z (2023) Genomic insights into linezolid-resistant Enterococci revealed its evolutionary diversity and poxtA copy number heterogeneity. Int J Antimicrob Agents 62:106929","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"1853_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae342","volume":"79","author":"X Shan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shan X, Li C, Zhang L, Zou C, Yu R, Schwarz S, Shang Y, Li D, Brenciani A, Du XD (2024) poxtA amplification and mutations in 23S rRNA confer enhanced linezolid resistance in Enterococcus faecalis. J Antimicrob Chemother 79:3199\u20133203","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"1853_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38507-4","volume":"14","author":"KPT Silva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Silva KPT, Sundar G, Khare A (2023) Efflux pump gene amplifications bypass necessity of multiple target mutations for resistance against dual-targeting antibiotic. Nat Commun 14:3402","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1853_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00218-24","volume":"15","author":"C Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang C, Yang J, Xu Z, Lv L, Chen S, Hong M, Liu JH (2024) Promoter regulatory mode evolution enhances the high multidrug resistance of tmexCD1-toprJ1. mBio 15:e0021824","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"1853_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2023.12.002","volume":"36","author":"K Hegstad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hegstad K, P\u00f6ntinen AK, Bj\u00f8rnholt JV, Quist-Paulsen E, Sundsfjord A (2024) The first tigecycline resistant Enterococcus faecium in Norway was related to tigecycline exposure. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 36:112\u2013115","journal-title":"J Glob Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"1853_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00915-14","volume":"5","author":"P McGann","year":"2014","unstructured":"McGann P, Courvalin P, Snesrud E, Clifford RJ, Yoon EJ, Onmus-Leone F, Ong AC, Kwak YI, Grillot-Courvalin C, Lesho E, Waterman PE (2014) Amplification of aminoglycoside resistance gene aphA1 in Acinetobacter baumannii results in tobramycin therapy failure. mBio 5:e00915","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"1853_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00869-17","volume":"61","author":"LA Gallagher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gallagher LA, Coughlan S, Black NS, Lalor P, Waters EM, Wee B, Watson M, Downing T, Fitzgerald JR, Fleming GTA, O\u2019Gara JP (2017) Tandem amplification of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element can drive high-level methicillin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61:10\u2013128","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1853_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.09.025","volume":"66","author":"F He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He F, Shi Q, Fu Y, Xu J, Yu Y, Du X (2018) Tigecycline resistance caused by rpsJ evolution in a 59-year-old male patient infected with KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae during tigecycline treatment. Infect Genet Evol 66:188\u2013191","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"1853_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46571-7","volume":"15","author":"A Pal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pal A, Andersson DI (2024) Bacteria can compensate the fitness costs of amplified resistance genes via a bypass mechanism. Nat Commun 15:2333","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01853-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01853-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01853-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:14:19Z","timestamp":1791670459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01853-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-026-01853-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1297-9716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1297-9716","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"179"}}