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The active ingredient of milk thistle is silymarin, a key component used to treat numerous physical and biological ailments. This study aimed to compare the nutritional composition, total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents, and the antimicrobial activities of\n                    <jats:italic>S. marianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    stems, leaves, and flowers extracted using five different solvents. Phytochemical assays were used to evaluate the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents in petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and water extracts from different plant parts. The proximate composition showed that the leaves had a higher percentage of moisture (11.53%). In contrast, the flowers showed increased lipid content, carbohydrate, and protein concentration (5.17, 69.86, and 10.03%, respectively), and stems showed elevated ash content (28.67%) compared to leaves and flowers. In\n                    <jats:italic>S. marianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the highest yield was obtained from the flowers, while the leaves and stems produced progressively lower amounts, respectively. Among the solvents tested, extraction with water made the largest yield, followed in decreasing order by methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether. The findings of the study revealed that alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, quinones, phenols, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids were found by phytochemical analysis of\n                    <jats:italic>S. marianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in different parts. At the same time, saponins and anthocyanins were completely absent in all parts. On the other hand, coumarins are present in leaves and flowers and are completely lacking in stems. The highest levels of phenol content, tannins, and flavonoids were found in the methanol extract of the flowers (183.12\u2009\u00b1\u200911.02\u00a0mg gallic acid equivalent\/g (mg GAE\/g), 187.43\u2009\u00b1\u200915.91\u00a0mg quercetin equivalents\/g (mg QE\/g), and 94.40\u2009\u00b1\u200916.04\u00a0mg TAE\/g, respectively). In contrast, the water extract of stems had the lowest amount (5.45\u2009\u00b1\u20091.32\u00a0mg GAE\/g, 9.60\u2009\u00b1\u20091.5\u00a0mg QE\/g, and 3.27\u2009\u00b1\u20091.53\u00a0mg TAE\/g, respectively). Antimicrobial tests revealed the extract's ability to inhibit several Gram-positive bacteria (\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 6538 and\n                    <jats:italic>B.subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 6633), Gram-negative bacteria (\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 9027,\n                    <jats:italic>S. typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 14028,\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 11229), and eukaryotic strains such as unicellular fungi (\n                    <jats:italic>C.albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC 10231). These results confirm the potential of milk thistle extract as a naturally occurring antimicrobial agent.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-025-01925-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T11:40:39Z","timestamp":1755690039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Silybum marianum L. via multi-solvent extraction"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nashaat N.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3711-4162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed T.","family":"Selim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1925_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-023-03400-7","volume":"205","author":"AM Abdelaziz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdelaziz AM, Elshaer MA, Abd-Elraheem MA, Ali OMOM, Haggag MI, El-Sayyad GS et al (2023) Ziziphus spina-christi extract-stabilized novel silver nanoparticle synthesis for combating Fusarium oxysporum-causing pepper wilt disease: in vitro and in vivo studies. 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