{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T03:21:55Z","timestamp":1794367315346,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62175156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62175156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and technology innovation project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission","award":["22S31903000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22S31903000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025M771943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025M771943"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Post-doctoral Excellence Program","award":["2024409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024409"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Top Medical and Health Research Program","award":["2023030716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023030716"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AMB Expr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-025-01972-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:59:48Z","timestamp":1762523988000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Biological aging phenotypes mediate gut microbiota effects on age-related macular degeneration subtype progression: genetic causality by mendelian randomization and mediation analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yifan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiabiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuixia","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1972_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","volume":"44","author":"J Bowden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S (2015) Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol 44:512\u2013525","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1972_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu176","volume":"44","author":"S Burgess","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burgess S, Daniel RM, Butterworth AS, Thompson SG, EPIC-InterAct Consortium (2015) Network Mendelian randomization: using genetic variants as instrumental variables to investigate mediation in causal pathways. Int J Epidemiol 44:484\u2013495","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1972_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00757-1","volume":"36","author":"AR Carter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carter AR, Sanderson E, Hammerton G, Richmond RC, Davey Smith G, Heron J, Taylor AE, Davies NM, Howe LD (2021) Mendelian randomisation for mediation analysis: current methods and challenges for implementation. Eur J Epidemiol 36:465\u2013478","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"1972_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1159\/000484907","volume":"44","author":"J Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen J, Wang W, Li Q (2017) Increased Th1\/Th17 responses contribute to low-grade inflammation in age-related macular degeneration. Cell Physiol Biochem 44:357\u2013367","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"1972_CR5","volume":"36","author":"J Faramia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Faramia J, Choi BS-Y, Brunelle L, Marette A, Drapeau V, Tremblay A, Picard F (2024) Effects of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HA-114 probiotic supplementation on circulating IGFBP-2 levels during a calorie-restricted diet in overweight humans. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 36:100357","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Endocrinol"},{"key":"1972_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00265-2","volume":"7","author":"M Fleckenstein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fleckenstein M, Keenan TDL, Guymer RH, Chakravarthy U, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Klaver CC, Wong WT, Chew EY (2021) Age-related macular degeneration. Nat Rev Dis Primers 7:31","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"1972_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-020-00278-2","volume":"9","author":"JL Floyd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Floyd JL, Grant MB (2020) the gut-eye axis: lessons learned from murine models. Ophthalmol Ther 9:499\u2013513","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"1972_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109216","volume":"224","author":"MB Grant","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grant MB, Bernstein PS, Boesze-Battaglia K, Chew E, Curcio CA, Kenney MC, Klaver C, Philp NJ, Rowan S, Sparrow J, Spaide RF, Taylor A (2022) Inside out: Relations between the microbiome, nutrition, and eye health. Exp Eye Res 224:109216","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"1972_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06721-5","volume":"263","author":"K Kataoka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kataoka K, Gale R, Li X, \u015eermet F, Qian CX, Cheung CMG, Tsilimbaris MK, Kozak I (2025) Simultaneous GA and CNV\/MNV: incidence, characteristics, and treatments. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 263:1197\u20131212","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"1972_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.14.47","volume":"64","author":"PP Larsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Larsen PP, F\u00e9art C, Pais de Barros J-P, Merle BMJ, Gayraud L, Delyfer M-N, Korobelnik J-F, Delcourt C (2023) Association of age-related macular degeneration with a blood biomarker of lipopolysaccharide, a gut bacterial proinflammatory toxin. Invest Ophthalmol vis Sci 64:47","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol vis Sci"},{"key":"1972_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3034","volume":"27","author":"DA Lawlor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Sterne JAC, Timpson N, Davey Smith G (2008) Mendelian randomization: using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology. Stat Med 27:1133\u20131163","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"1972_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4646","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214646","volume":"15","author":"C Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li C, Lu P (2023) Association of gut microbiota with age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study. Nutrients 15:4646","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1972_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.7.22","volume":"64","author":"K Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu K, Zou J, Yuan R, Fan H, Hu H, Cheng Y, Liu J, Zou H, You Z (2023) Exploring the effect of the gut microbiome on the risk of age-related macular degeneration from the perspective of causality. Invest Ophthalmol vis Sci 64:22","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol vis Sci"},{"key":"1972_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00992-y","volume":"54","author":"EA Lopera-Maya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lopera-Maya EA, Kurilshikov A, van der Graaf A, Hu S, Andreu-S\u00e1nchez S, Chen L, Vila AV, Gacesa R, Sinha T, Collij V, Klaassen MAY, Bolte LA, Gois MFB, Neerincx PBT, Swertz MA, Harmsen HJM, Wijmenga C, Fu J, Weersma RK, Zhernakova A, Sanna S (2022) Effect of host genetics on the gut microbiome in 7,738 participants of the dutch microbiome project. Nat Genet 54:143\u2013151","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"1972_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.001","volume":"186","author":"C L\u00f3pez-Ot\u00edn","year":"2023","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Ot\u00edn C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G (2023) Hallmarks of aging: an expanding universe. Cell 186:243\u2013278","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1972_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.12.32","volume":"64","author":"D Mao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mao D, Tao B, Sheng S, Jin H, Chen W, Gao H, Deng J, Li Z, Chen F, Chan S, Qian L (2023) Causal effects of gut microbiota on age-related macular degeneration: a mendelian randomization study. Invest Ophthalmol vis Sci 64:32","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol vis Sci"},{"key":"1972_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-021-02398-9","volume":"22","author":"DL McCartney","year":"2021","unstructured":"McCartney DL, Min JL, Richmond RC, Lu AT, Sobczyk MK, Davies G, Broer L, Guo X, Jeong A, Jung J, Kasela S, Katrinli S, Kuo P-L, Matias-Garcia PR, Mishra PP, Nygaard M, Palviainen T, Patki A, Raffield LM, Ratliff SM, Richardson TG, Robinson O, Soerensen M, Sun D, Tsai P-C, van der Zee MD, Walker RM, Wang X, Wang Y, Xia R, Xu Z, Yao J, Zhao W, Correa A, Boerwinkle E, Dugu\u00e9 P-A, Durda P, Elliott HR, Gieger C, Genetics of DNA Methylation Consortium, de Geus EJC, Harris SE, Hemani G, Imboden M, K\u00e4h\u00f6nen M, Kardia SLR, Kresovich JK, Li S, Lunetta KL, Mangino M, Mason D, McIntosh AM, Mengel-From J, Moore AZ, Murabito JM, NHLBI Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) Consortium, Ollikainen M, Pankow JS, Pedersen NL, Peters A, Polidoro S, Porteous DJ, Raitakari O, Rich SS, Sandler DP, Sillanp\u00e4\u00e4 E, Smith AK, Southey MC, Strauch K, Tiwari H, Tanaka T, Tillin T, Uitterlinden AG, Van Den Berg DJ, van Dongen J, Wilson JG, Wright J, Yet I, Arnett D, Bandinelli S, Bell JT, Binder AM, Boomsma DI, Chen W, Christensen K, Conneely KN, Elliott P, Ferrucci L, Fornage M, H\u00e4gg S, Hayward C, Irvin M, Kaprio J, Lawlor DA, Lehtim\u00e4ki T, Lohoff FW, Milani L, Milne RL, Probst-Hensch N, Reiner AP, Ritz B, Rotter JI, Smith JA, Taylor JA, van Meurs JBJ, Vineis P, Waldenberger M, Deary IJ, Relton CL, Horvath S, Marioni RE (2021) Genome-wide association studies identify 137 genetic loci for DNA methylation biomarkers of aging. Genome Biol 22:194","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"1972_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05727-6","volume":"47","author":"A Mikami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mikami A, Ogita T, Namai F, Shigemori S, Sato T, Shimosato T (2020) Oral administration of Flavonifractor plautii attenuates inflammatory responses in obese adipose tissue. Mol Biol Rep 47:6717\u20136725","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"1972_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03109-4","volume":"21","author":"SC Morandi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morandi SC, Herzog EL, Munk M, Kreuzer M, Largiad\u00e8r CR, Wolf S, Zinkernagel M, Zysset-Burri DC (2024) The gut microbiome and HLA-B27-associated anterior uveitis: a case-control study. J Neuroinflammation 21:120","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"1972_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00379","volume":"11","author":"T Ogita","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ogita T, Yamamoto Y, Mikami A, Shigemori S, Sato T, Shimosato T (2020) Oral administration of flavonifractor plautii strongly suppresses Th2 immune responses in mice. Front Immunol 11:379","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1972_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0684-4","volume":"52","author":"V Orr\u00f9","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orr\u00f9 V, Steri M, Sidore C, Marongiu M, Serra V, Olla S, Sole G, Lai S, Dei M, Mulas A, Virdis F, Piras MG, Lobina M, Marongiu M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Loizedda A, Onano S, Zoledziewska M, Sawcer S, Devoto M, Gorospe M, Abecasis GR, Floris M, Pala M, Schlessinger D, Fiorillo E, Cucca F (2020) Complex genetic signatures in immune cells underlie autoimmunity and inform therapy. Nat Genet 52:1036\u20131045","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"1972_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13649","volume":"6","author":"C Pedersen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pedersen C, Ijaz UZ, Gallagher E, Horton F, Ellis RJ, Jaiyeola E, Duparc T, Russell-Jones D, Hinton P, Cani PD, La Ragione RM, Robertson MD (2018) Fecal Enterobacteriales enrichment is associated with increased in vivo intestinal permeability in humans. Physiol Rep 6:e13649","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"1972_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4472","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1702302114","volume":"114","author":"S Rowan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rowan S, Jiang S, Korem T, Szymanski J, Chang M-L, Szelog J, Cassalman C, Dasuri K, McGuire C, Nagai R, Du X-L, Brownlee M, Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ, Baleja JD, Deik AA, Pierce KA, Scott JM, Clish CB, Smith DE, Weinberger A, Avnit-Sagi T, Lotan-Pompan M, Segal E, Taylor A (2017) Involvement of a gut-retina axis in protection against dietary glycemia-induced age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:E4472\u2013E4481","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1972_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/vision9010016","volume":"9","author":"K Saigal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saigal K, Salama JE, Pardo AA, Lopez SE, Gregori NZ (2025) Modifiable lifestyle risk factors and strategies for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Vision (Basel) 9:16","journal-title":"Vision (Basel)"},{"key":"1972_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038984","volume":"11","author":"E Sanderson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sanderson E (2021) Multivariable mendelian randomization and mediation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 11:a038984","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"1972_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5936\/csbj.201302012","volume":"5","author":"T Scior","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scior T, Alexander C, Zaehringer U (2013) Reviewing and identifying amino acids of human, murine, canine and equine TLR4 \/ MD-2 receptor complexes conferring endotoxic innate immunity activation by LPS\/lipid A, or antagonistic effects by Eritoran, in contrast to species-dependent modulation by lipid IVa. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 5:e201302012","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"1972_CR27","first-page":"968","volume":"13","author":"D Serban","year":"2023","unstructured":"Serban D, Dascalu AM, Arsene AL, Tribus LC, Vancea G, Pantea Stoian A, Costea DO, Tudosie MS, Stana D, Cristea BM, Nicolae VA, Tudor C, Costea AC, Comandasu M, Faur M, Tanasescu C (2023) Gut microbiota dysbiosis in diabetic retinopathy-current knowledge and future therapeutic targets. Life (Basel) 13:968","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"1972_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","volume":"326","author":"VW Skrivankova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Skrivankova VW, Richmond RC, Woolf BAR, Yarmolinsky J, Davies NM, Swanson SA, VanderWeele TJ, Higgins JPT, Timpson NJ, Dimou N, Langenberg C, Golub RM, Loder EW, Gallo V, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Davey Smith G, Egger M, Richards JB (2021) Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using mendelian randomization: the STROBE-MR statement. JAMA 326:1614\u20131621","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1972_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2022.2147547","volume":"32","author":"I Tsioti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tsioti I, Steiner BL, Escher P, Zinkernagel MS, Benz PM, Kokona D (2024) Systemic lipopolysaccharide exposure exacerbates choroidal neovascularization in mice. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 32:19\u201330","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"1972_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009599","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1009599","volume":"16","author":"JHC Wong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wong JHC, Ma JYW, Jobling AI, Brandli A, Greferath U, Fletcher EL, Vessey KA (2022) Exploring the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration: a review of the interplay between retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction and the innate immune system. Front Neurosci 16:1009599","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1972_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.04.006","volume":"193","author":"J Xiao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiao J, Zhang JY, Luo W, He PC, Skondra D (2023) The emerging role of gut microbiota in age-related macular degeneration. Am J Pathol 193:1627\u20131637","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"1972_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy002","volume":"27","author":"Q Yan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yan Q, Ding Y, Liu Y, Sun T, Fritsche LG, Clemons T, Ratnapriya R, Klein ML, Cook RJ, Liu Y, Fan R, Wei L, Abecasis GR, Swaroop A, Chew EY, AREDS2 Research Group, Weeks DE, Chen W (2018) Genome-wide analysis of disease progression in age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 27:929\u2013940","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"1972_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069325","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1069325","volume":"14","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Wang T, Wan Z, Bai J, Xue Y, Dai R, Wang M, Peng Q (2023) Alterations of the intestinal microbiota in age-related macular degeneration. Front Microbiol 14:1069325","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1972_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01588-w","volume":"24","author":"JH Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao JH, Stacey D, Eriksson N, Macdonald-Dunlop E, Hedman \u00c5K, Kalnapenkis A, Enroth S, Cozzetto D, Digby-Bell J, Marten J, Folkersen L, Herder C, Jonsson L, Bergen SE, Gieger C, Needham EJ, Surendran P, Estonian Biobank Research Team, Paul DS, Polasek O, Thorand B, Grallert H, Roden M, V\u00f5sa U, Esko T, Hayward C, Johansson \u00c5, Gyllensten U, Powell N, Hansson O, Mattsson-Carlgren N, Joshi PK, Danesh J, Padyukov L, Klareskog L, Land\u00e9n M, Wilson JF, Siegbahn A, Wallentin L, M\u00e4larstig A, Butterworth AS, Peters JE (2023) Genetics of circulating inflammatory proteins identifies drivers of immune-mediated disease risk and therapeutic targets. Nat Immunol 24:1540\u20131551","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"}],"container-title":["AMB Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13568-025-01972-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13568-025-01972-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13568-025-01972-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T13:59:50Z","timestamp":1762523990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/amb-express.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13568-025-01972-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1972"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13568-025-01972-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2191-0855"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2191-0855","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study used deidentified public summary-level data, which is publicly available and can be downloaded for free. The data and related information are permitted unrestricted reuse under an open license. The GWASs used in this study were all approved by their institutional ethics committees. This study is part of the research registered under the ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT07149441. The ethics committee from Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, also reviewed the current research proposal with permission.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"167"}}