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As conventional antibiotics lose effectiveness, bacteriophage (phage) therapy offers a promising alternative. This study assessed phage therapy alone and combined with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    using the time-kill assay. A total of 48 clinical isolates were collected and identified as\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae.<\/jats:italic>\n                    According to their antibiotic susceptibility, 91.7% (n\u2009=\u200944) of the tested isolates were multidrug-resistant. Sewage samples were processed to isolate a phage-coded Kp25, which showed lytic activity against 17 isolates and remained stable within a temperature range of 40\u201390\u00a0\u00b0C and a pH range of 3\u201311. The taxonomic classification of the phage was made clear by the findings of the genomic analysis, which is\n                    <jats:italic>Viruses; Duplodnaviria; Heunggongvirae; Uroviricota; Caudoviricetes; Drexlerviridae; Webervirus; Webervirus domnhall<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Phage combination with sub-MIC of levofloxacin and meropenem showed potential antibacterial activity, so that complete in vitro bacterial eradication was achieved starting from 4 h incubation until the end of the incubation period. However, phage combination with sub-MIC of gentamicin showed weak antibacterial activity. These findings highlight the phage combination with levofloxacin and meropenem as an effective strategy against multidrug-resistant\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-025-02005-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:34:43Z","timestamp":1774420483000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Phage-antibiotic combination: a possible approach to combatting multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nourhan I.","family":"Abdelhakim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walaa A.","family":"Alshareef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarra E.","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0310-8098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud A.","family":"Yassein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2005_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.37506\/MLU.V20I3.1544","volume":"20","author":"ON Abbas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abbas ON, Mhawesh AA, Al-Shaibani AB (2020) Molecular identification of pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae strains producing biofilm. 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