{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T02:24:17Z","timestamp":1794363857869,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1794355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":156,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/AQ\/1\/SP41105\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/AQ\/1\/SP41105\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/AQ\/1\/SP41105\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/AQ\/1\/SP41105\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AMB Expr"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-026-02079-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T14:46:14Z","timestamp":1780929974000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unravelling the effect of moringa supplemented diet on goat gastrointestinal microbiota and metabolic potential"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tejas M.","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Pandit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minal","family":"Bhure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chitra","family":"Nehra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyank","family":"Chavda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niteen V.","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashutosh K.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhash","family":"Kachhawaha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram N.","family":"Kumawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaibhav","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhvi","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaitanya","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2079_CR12","unstructured":"FAO (2016) The contributions of livestock species and breeds to ecosystem services. FAO Roma, Italy"},{"key":"2079_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abarenkov K, Zirk A, Piirmann T, P\u00f6h\u00f6nen R, Ivanov F, Nilsson RH, K\u00f5ljalg U (2025) UNITE general FASTA release for Fungi. In: Community U (ed). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15156\/BIO\/3301229","DOI":"10.15156\/BIO\/3301229"},{"key":"2079_CR1","unstructured":"Ali A (2024) DADA2 formatted 16S rRNA gene sequences for both bacteria & archaea (4.5) [Data set] Zenodo"},{"key":"2079_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arndt C, Hristov AN, Price WJ, McClelland SC, Pelaez AM, Cueva SF, Oh J, Dijkstra J, Bannink A, Bayat AR, Crompton LA, Eug\u00e8ne MA, Enahoro D, Kebreab E, Kreuzer M, McGee M, Martin C, Newbold CJ, Reynolds CK, Schwarm A, Shingfield KJ, Veneman JB, Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-Ruiz DR, Yu Z (2022) Full adoption of the most effective strategies to mitigate methane emissions by ruminants can help meet the 1.5\u00a0\u2009\u00b0C target by 2030 but not 2050. Proc Natl Acad Sci 119(20). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2111294119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2111294119"},{"key":"2079_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ba\u011fc\u0131 C, Patz S, Huson DH (2021) DIAMOND+MEGAN: Fast and Easy Taxonomic and Functional Analysis of Short and Long Microbiome Sequences. Current Protocols 1(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpz1.59","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.59"},{"key":"2079_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Balehegn M, Duncan A, Tolera A, Ayantunde AA, Issa S, Karimou M, Zampaligr\u00e9 N, Andr\u00e9 K, Gnanda I, Varijakshapanicker P, Kebreab E, Dubeux J, Boote K, Minta M, Feyissa F, Adesogan AT (2020) Improving adoption of technologies and interventions for increasing supply of quality livestock feed in low- and middle-income countries. Global Food Secur 26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gfs.2020.100372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2020.100372"},{"issue":"4","key":"2079_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01101-x","volume":"18","author":"B Buchfink","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buchfink B, Reuter K, Drost H-G (2021) Sensitive protein alignments at tree-of-life scale using DIAMOND. Nat Methods 18(4):366\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41592-021-01101-x","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"7","key":"2079_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJA, Holmes SP (2016) DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods 13(7):581\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.3869","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2079_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang J, Peng S, Yin Y, Ciais P, Havlik P, Herrero M (2021) The key role of production efficiency changes in livestock methane emission mitigation. AGU Adv 2(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2021av000391","DOI":"10.1029\/2021av000391"},{"issue":"1","key":"2079_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1080\/26895293.2022.2058621","volume":"15","author":"B Chikasa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chikasa B, Shoniwa A, Mangwiro C, Dhliwayo M, Tinashe Tekedza T (2022) The effect of partial substitution of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on the relative growth performance and incidence of scours in piglets. All Life 15(1):562\u2013567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/26895293.2022.2058621","journal-title":"All Life"},{"issue":"3","key":"2079_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0264-1","volume":"15","author":"J Chong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chong J, Liu P, Zhou G, Xia J (2020) Using MicrobiomeAnalyst for comprehensive statistical, functional, and meta-analysis of microbiome data. Nat Protoc 15(3):799\u2013821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-019-0264-1","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"2079_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-020-01935-2","volume":"77","author":"HM Ebeid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ebeid HM, Mengwei L, Kholif AE, Hassan F-u, Lijuan P, Xin L, Chengjian Y (2020) Moringa oleifera oil modulates rumen microflora to mediate in vitro fermentation kinetics and methanogenesis in total mix rations. Curr Microbiol 77(7):1271\u20131282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-020-01935-2","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"2079_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.07.151","volume":"165","author":"MMY Elghandour","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elghandour MMY, Vallejo LH, Salem AZM, Mellado M, Camacho LM, Cipriano M, Olafadehan OA, Olivares J, Rojas S (2017) Moringa oleifera leaf meal as an environmental friendly protein source for ruminants: biomethane and carbon dioxide production, and fermentation characteristics. J Clean Prod 165:1229\u20131238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.07.151","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"10","key":"2079_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7810","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-24599","volume":"107","author":"A Federiconi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Federiconi A, Ghiaccio F, Mammi L, Cavallini D, Visentin G, Formigoni A, Palmonari A (2024) Changes in the rumen microbial community composition of dairy cows subjected to an acidogenic diet. J Dairy Sci 107(10):7810\u20137821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2023-24599","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2079_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Forster RJ, Tapio I, Shingfield KJ, McKain N, Bonin A, Fischer D, Bayat AR, Vilkki J, Taberlet P, Snelling TJ, Wallace RJ (2016) Oral Samples as Non-Invasive Proxies for Assessing the Composition of the Rumen Microbial Community. Plos One 11(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0151220","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151220"},{"key":"2079_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/845511","author":"J Gerritsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gerritsen J, Hornung B, Ritari J, Paulin L, Rijkers GT, Schaap PJ, de Vos WM, Smidt H (2019) A comparative and functional genomics analysis of the genus Romboutsia provides insight into adaptation to an intestinal lifestyle. bioRxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/845511","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"4","key":"2079_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-00837-2","volume":"15","author":"J Gharechahi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gharechahi J, Vahidi MF, Bahram M, Han J-L, Ding X-Z, Salekdeh GH (2021) Metagenomic analysis reveals a dynamic microbiome with diversified adaptive functions to utilize high lignocellulosic forages in the cattle rumen. ISME J 15(4):1108\u20131120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41396-020-00837-2","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"issue":"10","key":"2079_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0464-2","volume":"13","author":"C Greening","year":"2019","unstructured":"Greening C, Geier R, Wang C, Woods LC, Morales SE, McDonald MJ, Rushton-Green R, Morgan XC, Koike S, Leahy SC, Kelly WJ, Cann I, Attwood GT, Cook GM, Mackie RI (2019) Diverse hydrogen production and consumption pathways influence methane production in ruminants. ISME J 13(10):2617\u20132632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41396-019-0464-2","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"2079_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grondin JM, Tamura K, D\u00e9jean G, Abbott DW, Brumer H, O\u2019Toole G (2017) Polysaccharide utilization loci: fueling microbial communities. J Bacteriol 199(15). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00860-16","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.00860-16"},{"issue":"5","key":"2079_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.009","volume":"17","author":"S Hacquard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hacquard S, Garrido-Oter R, Gonz\u00e1lez A, Spaepen S, Ackermann G, Lebeis S, McHardy Alice C, Dangl Jeffrey L, Knight R, Ley R, Schulze-Lefert P (2015) Microbiota and host nutrition across plant and animal kingdoms. Cell Host Microbe 17(5):603\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2079_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Horn L, Shakela N, Mutorwa MK, Naomab E, Kwaambwa HM (2022) Moringa oleifera as a sustainable climate-smart solution to nutrition, disease prevention, and water treatment challenges: a review. J Agric Food Res 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jafr.2022.100397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2022.100397"},{"issue":"11","key":"2079_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6583","volume":"91","author":"AN Hristov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hristov AN, Oh J, Firkins JL, Dijkstra J, Kebreab E, Waghorn G, Makkar HPS, Adesogan AT, Yang W, Lee C, Gerber PJ, Henderson B, Tricarico JM (2013) Special topics\u2014mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: I. A review of enteric methane mitigation options1. J Anim Sci 91(11):5045\u20135069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/jas.2013-6583","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2079_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jackson RB, Saunois M, Bousquet P, Canadell JG, Poulter B, Stavert AR, Bergamaschi P, Niwa Y, Segers A, Tsuruta A (2020) Increasing anthropogenic methane emissions arise equally from agricultural and fossil fuel sources. Environ Res Lett 15(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab9ed2","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab9ed2"},{"issue":"7","key":"2079_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10935","volume":"101","author":"Q Jin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jin Q, You W, Tan X, Liu G, Zhang X, Liu X, Wan F, Wei C (2020) Caffeic acid modulates methane production and rumen fermentation in an opposite way with high-forage or high\u2010concentrate substrate in vitro. J Sci Food Agric 101(7):3013\u20133020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.10935","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"2079_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2015.05.007","volume":"129","author":"AE Kholif","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kholif AE, Gouda GA, Morsy TA, Salem AZM, Lopez S, Kholif AM (2015) Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a protein source in lactating goat\u2019s diets: feed intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, milk yield and composition, and its fatty acids profile. Small Ruminant Res 129:129\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2015.05.007","journal-title":"Small Ruminant Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2079_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117002336","volume":"12","author":"AE Kholif","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kholif AE, Gouda GA, Olafadehan OA, Abdo MM (2018) Effects of replacement of Moringa oleifera for berseem clover in the diets of Nubian goats on feed utilisation, and milk yield, composition and fatty acid profile. Animal 12(5):964\u2013972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1751731117002336","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2079_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Klindworth A, Pruesse E, Schweer T, Peplies J, Quast C, Horn M, Gl\u00f6ckner FO (2013) Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Nucleic Acids Research 41(1):e1-e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gks808","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks808"},{"key":"2079_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leitanthem VK, Chaudhary P, Bhakat M, Mohini M, Mondal G (2022) Impact of Moringa oleifera on rumen fermentation and methane emission under in vitro condition. AMB Express 12(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13568-022-01480-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-022-01480-0"},{"issue":"11","key":"2079_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-022-01294-9","volume":"16","author":"QS Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li QS, Wang R, Ma ZY, Zhang XM, Jiao JZ, Zhang ZG, Ungerfeld EM, Le Yi K, Zhang BZ, Long L, Long Y, Tao Y, Huang T, Greening C, Tan ZL, Wang M (2022) Dietary selection of metabolically distinct microorganisms drives hydrogen metabolism in ruminants. ISME J 16(11):2535\u20132546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41396-022-01294-9","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"2079_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li Q, Huo J, Ni G, Zhang F, Zhang S, Zhang X, Wang R, Jiao J, Yu Z, Pu X, Yue Y, Ungerfeld EM, Zhang X, Wu J, Tan Z, Greening C, Wang M (2025) Reductive acetogenesis is a dominant process in the ruminant hindgut. Microbiome 13(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-024-02018-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-02018-1"},{"key":"2079_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin L, Lai Z, Zhang J, Zhu W, Mao S (2023) The gastrointestinal microbiome in dairy cattle is constrained by the deterministic driver of the region and the modified effect of diet. Microbiome 11(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-022-01453-2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01453-2"},{"key":"2079_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.02.003","volume":"238","author":"HW Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu HW, Zhao JS, Li K, Deng W (2018) Effects of chlorogenic acids-enriched extract from Eucommia ulmoides leaves on growth performance, stress response, antioxidant status and meat quality of lambs subjected or not to transport stress. Anim Feed Sci Technol 238:47\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.02.003","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"2079_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lopes DRG, de Souza Duarte M, La Reau AJ, Chaves IZ, de Oliveira Mendes TA, Detmann E, Bento CBP, Mercadante MEZ, Bonilha SFM, Suen G, Mantovani HC (2021) Assessing the relationship between the rumen microbiota and feed efficiency in Nellore steers. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 12(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40104-021-00599-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00599-7"},{"issue":"4","key":"2079_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-018-0515-z","volume":"44","author":"AT Mansour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mansour AT, Miao L, Espinosa C, Garc\u00eda-Beltr\u00e1n JM, Ceballos Francisco DC, Esteban M\u00c1 (2018) Effects of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaves on growth and some systemic and mucosal immune parameters of seabream. Fish Physiol Biochem 44(4):1223\u20131240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10695-018-0515-z","journal-title":"Fish Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"37","key":"2079_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24673","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R109.022848","volume":"284","author":"EC Martens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Martens EC, Koropatkin NM, Smith TJ, Gordon JI (2009) Complex glycan catabolism by the human gut microbiota: the Bacteroidetes Sus-like paradigm. J Biol Chem 284(37):24673\u201324677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.R109.022848","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2079_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.08.011","volume":"26","author":"K Martinez-Guryn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martinez-Guryn K, Leone V, Chang EB (2019) Regional diversity of the gastrointestinal microbiome. Cell Host Microbe 26(3):314\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2019.08.011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"2079_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10457-016-0066-1","volume":"93","author":"K Mekonnen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mekonnen K, Jogo W, Bezabih M, Mulema A, Thorne P (2017) Determinants of survival and growth of tree lucerne (Chamaecytisus palmensis) in the crop-livestock farming systems of the Ethiopian highlands. Agroforest Syst 93(1):279\u2013293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10457-016-0066-1","journal-title":"Agroforest Syst"},{"issue":"9","key":"2079_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00543-6","volume":"19","author":"I Mizrahi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mizrahi I, Wallace RJ, Mora\u00efs S (2021) The rumen microbiome: balancing food security and environmental impacts. Nat Rev Microbiol 19(9):553\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-021-00543-6","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2079_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.11.058","volume":"100","author":"Y Moreno-Mendoza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moreno-Mendoza Y, Lopez-Villarreal KD, Hernandez-Martinez CA, Rodriguez-Tovar LE, Hernandez-Coronado AC, Soto-Dominguez A, Hume ME, Mendez-Zamora G (2021) Effect of moringa leaf powder and agave inulin on performance, intestinal morphology, and meat yield of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 100(2):738\u2013745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2020.11.058","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2079_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.235","volume":"6","author":"O N\u2019Nanle","year":"2020","unstructured":"N\u2019Nanle O, Tete-Benissan A, Nideou D, Onagbesan OM, Tona K (2020) Use of Moringa oleifera leaves in broiler production chain. 1 - Effect on Sasso breeder hens performances, internal quality of hatching eggs and serum lipids. Vet Med Sci 6(3):485\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.235","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2079_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nehra C, Harshini V, Shukla N, Chavda P, Savaliya K, Patil S, Shah T, Pandit R, Patil NV, Patel AK, Kachhawaha S, Kumawat RN, Joshi M, Joshi CG (2024) Moringa leaf meal exerts growth benefits in small ruminants through modulating the gastrointestinal microbiome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 108(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-024-13265-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13265-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"2079_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.1995.tb01048.x","volume":"21","author":"CJ Newbold","year":"1995","unstructured":"Newbold CJ, Lassalas B, Jouany JP (1995) The importance of methanogens associated with ciliate protozoa in ruminal methane production in vitro. Lett Appl Microbiol 21(4):230\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1472-765X.1995.tb01048.x","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2079_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Odenyo AA, Mackie RI, Fahey GC, White BA (1991) Degradation of wheat straw and alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw by Ruminococcus albus 8 and Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1. J Anim Sci 69(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2527\/1991.692819x","DOI":"10.2527\/1991.692819x"},{"key":"2079_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Orzuna-Orzuna JF, Lara-Bueno A, Mendoza-Mart\u00ednez GD, Miranda-Romero LA (2023) Meta-analysis of hydroxycinnamic acids into finishing lambs\u2019 diet: Growth performance, antioxidant status, and meat quality. Small Ruminant Res 223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2023.106963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2023.106963"},{"key":"2079_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.06.126","volume":"234","author":"J Pedraza-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pedraza-Hern\u00e1ndez J, Elghandour MMMY, Khusro A, Camacho-Diaz LM, Vallejo LH, Barbabosa-Pliego A, Salem AZM (2019) Mitigation of ruminal biogases production from goats using Moringa oleifera extract and live yeast culture for a cleaner agriculture environment. J Clean Prod 234:779\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.06.126","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"key":"2079_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pedraza-Hern\u00e1ndez J, Elghandour MMMY, Khusro A, Salem MZM, Camacho-Diaz LM, Barbabosa-Pliego A, Salem AZM (2021) Assessment on bioactive role of Moringa oleifera leaves as anthelmintic agent and improved growth performance in goats. Trop Anim Health Prod 53(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11250-021-02745-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02745-9"},{"key":"2079_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Poisot T, Huson DH, Beier S, Flade I, G\u00f3rska A, El-Hadidi M, Mitra S, Ruscheweyh H-J, Tappu R (2016) MEGAN Community Edition-interactive exploration and analysis of large-scale microbiome sequencing data. PLOS Comput Biol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004957","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004957"},{"issue":"3","key":"2079_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.02.008","volume":"98","author":"SK Raghuvansi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Raghuvansi SK, Prasad R, Mishra AS, Chaturvedi OH, Tripathi MK, Misra AK, Saraswat BL, Jakhmola RC (2007) Effect of inclusion of tree leaves in feed on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation in sheep. Bioresour Technol 98(3):511\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.02.008","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2079_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2007.02251.x","volume":"45","author":"MJ Ranilla","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ranilla MJ, Jouany JP, Morgavi DP (2007) Methane production and substrate degradation by rumen microbial communities containing single protozoal species in vitro. Lett Appl Microbiol 45(6):675\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2007.02251.x","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"2079_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/s0044-8486(02)00497-0","volume":"217","author":"N Richter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Richter N, Siddhuraju P, Becker K (2003) Evaluation of nutritional quality of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves as an alternative protein source for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Aquaculture 217(1\u20134):599\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0044-8486(02)00497-0","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"1","key":"2079_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2081","volume":"4","author":"WJ Ripple","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ripple WJ, Smith P, Haberl H, Montzka SA, McAlpine C, Boucher DH (2013) Ruminants, climate change and climate policy. Nat Clim Change 4(1):2\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nclimate2081","journal-title":"Nat Clim Change"},{"key":"2079_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.021","volume":"235","author":"YA Soltan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soltan YA, Hashem NM, Morsy AS, El-Azrak KM, El-Din AN, Sallam SM (2018) Comparative effects of Moringa oleifera root bark and monensin supplementations on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility and growth performance of growing lambs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 235:189\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.021","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2079_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.05.005","volume":"141","author":"ED Sonnenburg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sonnenburg ED, Zheng H, Joglekar P, Higginbottom SK, Firbank SJ, Bolam DN, Sonnenburg JL (2010) Specificity of polysaccharide use in intestinal bacteroides species determines diet-induced microbiota alterations. Cell 141(7):1241\u20131252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2010.05.005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"2079_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1039\/c2fo30151b","volume":"4","author":"A Stalmach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stalmach A, Edwards CA, Wightman JD, Crozier A (2013) Colonic catabolism of dietary phenolic and polyphenolic compounds from Concord grape juice. Food Funct 4(1):52\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c2fo30151b","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"2","key":"2079_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00428018","volume":"127","author":"TB Stanton","year":"1980","unstructured":"Stanton TB, Canale-Parola E (1980) Treponema bryantii sp. nov., a rumen spirochete that interacts with cellulolytic bacteria. Arch Microbiol 127(2):145\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00428018","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2079_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13224","volume":"104","author":"JJ Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun JJ, Wang P, Chen GP, Luo JY, Xi QY, Cai GY, Wu JH, Zeng B, Xie YQ, Jiang QY, Chen T, Zhang YL (2020) Effect of Moringa oleifera supplementation on productive performance, colostrum composition and serum biochemical indexes of sow. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 104(1):291\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jpn.13224","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"issue":"1554","key":"2079_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0134","volume":"365","author":"PK Thornton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thornton PK (2010) Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 365(1554):2853\u20132867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2010.0134","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2079_CR55","unstructured":"Vaulot D, del Campo J, Pohl N, Salomaki E, Gu H, Bonacolta A, Morard R, Krabber\u00f8d AK, Ara\u00f1\u00f3 Ansola J, \u0421\u0435\u043b\u044e\u043a \u0410 (2025) PR2 version 5.1.0-data (v5.1.0 data). Zenodo"},{"key":"2079_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang D, Zhao C, Liu S, Zhang T, Yao J, Cao Y (2019) Effects of Piromyces sp. CN6 CGMCC 14449 on fermentation quality, nutrient composition and the in vitro degradation rate of whole crop maize silage. AMB Express 9(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13568-019-0846-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-019-0846-x"},{"issue":"12","key":"2079_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6621","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1955","volume":"8","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang Q, Wang Y, Wang X, Dai C, Tang W, Li J, Huang P, Li Y, Ding X, Huang J, Hussain T, Yang H, Zhu M (2020) Effects of dietary energy levels on rumen fermentation, microbiota, and gastrointestinal morphology in growing ewes. Food Sci Nutr 8(12):6621\u20136632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.1955","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"10170","key":"2079_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4","volume":"393","author":"W Willett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Willett W, Rockstrom J, Loken B, Springmann M, Lang T, Vermeulen S, Garnett T, Tilman D, DeClerck F, Wood A, Jonell M, Clark M, Gordon LJ, Fanzo J, Hawkes C, Zurayk R, Rivera JA, De Vries W, Majele Sibanda L, Afshin A, Chaudhary A, Herrero M, Agustina R, Branca F, Lartey A, Fan S, Crona B, Fox E, Bignet V, Troell M, Lindahl T, Singh S, Cornell SE, Srinath Reddy K, Narain S, Nishtar S, Murray CJL (2019) Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-lancet commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet 393(10170):447\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4515","key":"2079_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7280665","volume":"213","author":"MJ Wolin","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wolin MJ (1981) Fermentation in the rumen and human large intestine. Science 213(4515):1463\u20131468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.7280665","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"15","key":"2079_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4961","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-023-12614-0","volume":"107","author":"Y Xiong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiong Y, Wang X, Li X, Guo L, Yang F, Ni K (2023) Exploring the rumen microbiota of Hu lambs in response to diet with paper mulberry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 107(15):4961\u20134971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-023-12614-0","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"2079_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu S, Zhan L, Tang W, Wang Q, Dai Z, Zhou L, Feng T, Chen M, Wu T, Hu E, Yu G (2023) MicrobiotaProcess: a comprehensive R package for deep mining microbiome. Innovation 4(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xinn.2023.100388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2023.100388"},{"key":"2079_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu B, Song P, Jiang F, Cai Z, Gu H, Gao H, Li B, Liang C, Qin W, Zhang J, Yan J, Liu D, Sun G, Zhang T (2024) Large-scale metagenomic assembly provide new insights into the genetic evolution of gut microbiomes in plateau ungulates. npj Biofilms Microbiomes 10(1) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41522-024-00597-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00597-3"},{"key":"2079_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yeoman CJ, Fields CJ, Lepercq P, Ruiz P, Forano E, White BA, Mosoni P (2021) In vivo competitions between Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Ruminoccus albus in a Gnotobiotic sheep model revealed by multi-omic analyses. mBio 12(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.03533-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03533-20"},{"key":"2079_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zha P, Wei L, Liu W, Chen Y, Zhou Y (2023) Effects of dietary supplementation with chlorogenic acid on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and hepatic inflammation in broiler chickens subjected to diquat-induced oxidative stress. Poult Sci 102(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102479"},{"issue":"2","key":"2079_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8511","volume":"98","author":"T Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang T, Si B, Deng K, Tu Y, Zhou C, Diao Q (2018) Effects of feeding a Moringa oleifera rachis and twig preparation to dairy cows on their milk production and fatty acid composition, and plasma antioxidants. J Sci Food Agric 98(2):661\u2013666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.8511","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"}],"container-title":["AMB Express"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13568-026-02079-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13568-026-02079-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13568-026-02079-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T01:48:09Z","timestamp":1794361689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13568-026-02079-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13568-026-02079-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2191-0855"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2191-0855","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The experimental study procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Welfare Committee of the Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI) and were in accordance with the guidelines of the Committee for Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CCSEA) [Approval number: CAZRI\/2022\/IAEC\/02].","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"111"}}