{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:10:46Z","timestamp":1789470646194,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann. Intensive Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The efficacy of high flow nasal canula oxygen therapy (HFNO) to prevent invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) is not well established in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this study was to compare the risk of IMV between two strategies of oxygenation (conventional oxygenation and HFNO) in critically ill COVID 19 patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was\u00a0a bicenter retrospective study which took place\u00a0in two intensive care units (ICU) of tertiary hospitals in the Paris region\u00a0from March 11, to May 3, 2020. We enrolled consecutive patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and acute respiratory failure (ARF) who did not receive IMV at ICU admission. The primary outcome was the rate of IMV after ICU admission. Secondary outcomes were death at day 28 and day 60, length of ICU stay and ventilator-free days at day 28\n                      <jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold>\n                      Data from the HFNO group were compared with those from the standard oxygen therapy (SOT) group using weighted propensity score.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 138 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 62 (45%) were treated with SOT alone, and 76 (55%) with HFNO. In HFNO group, 39\/76 (51%) patients received IMV and 46\/62 (74%) in SOT group (OR 0.37 [95% CI, 0.18\u20130.76]\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007). After weighted propensity score, HFNO was still associated with a lower rate of IMV (OR 0.31 [95% CI, 0.14\u20130.66]\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002). Length of ICU stay and mortality at day 28 and day 60 did not significantly differ between HFNO and SOT groups after weighted propensity score. Ventilator-free days at days 28 was higher in HNFO group (21\u00a0days vs 10\u00a0days,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005). In the HFNO group, predictive factors associated with IMV were SAPS2 score (OR 1.13 [95%CI, 1.06\u20131.20]\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0002) and ROX index\u2009&gt;\u20094.88 (OR 0.23 [95%CI, 0.008\u20130.64]\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High flow nasal canula oxygen for ARF due to COVID-19 is associated with a lower rate of invasive mechanical ventilation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00825-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T03:02:26Z","timestamp":1614394946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["High flow nasal oxygen therapy to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0598-1242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marouane","family":"Boubaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Ebstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Karoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yacine","family":"Tandjaoui-Lambiotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Van Der Meersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Oziel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Soulie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ghalayini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anais","family":"Winchenne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Ralph","family":"Zahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Passem","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Gaudry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"825_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","volume":"323","author":"D Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan China. JAMA Am Med Assoc. 2020;323:1061\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"825_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394","volume":"323","author":"G Grasselli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, Antonelli M, Cabrini L, Castelli A, et al. Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region. Italy JAMA American Medical Association. 2020;323:1574\u201381.","journal-title":"Italy JAMA American Medical Association"},{"key":"825_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503326","volume":"372","author":"J-P Frat","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frat J-P, Thille AW, Mercat A, Girault C, Ragot S, Perbet S, et al. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2185\u201396.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"825_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demoule A, Vieillard Baron A, Darmon M, Beurton A, G\u00e9ri G, Voiriot G, et al. High flow nasal canula in critically ill severe COVID-19 patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020.","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202005-2007LE"},{"key":"825_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung JC-H, Ho LT, Cheng JV, Cham EYK, Lam KN. Staff safety during emergency airway management for COVID-19 in Hong Kong. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8: e19.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30084-9"},{"key":"825_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goyal P, Choi JJ, Pinheiro LC, Schenck EJ, Chen R, Jabri A, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Covid-19 in New York City. N Engl J Med. 2020.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2010419"},{"key":"825_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000892","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00892-2020","volume":"1","author":"J Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li J, Fink JB, Ehrmann S. High-flow nasal cannula for COVID-19 patients: low risk of bio-aerosol dispersion. EurRespir J. 2020;1:2000892.","journal-title":"EurRespir J."},{"key":"825_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35797","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035797","volume":"7","author":"K Tran","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tran K, Cimon K, Severn M, Pessoa-Silva CL, Conly J. Aerosol generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e35797.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"825_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2018.10.007","volume":"101","author":"CCH Leung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leung CCH, Joynt GM, Gomersall CD, Wong WT, Lee A, Ling L, et al. Comparison of high-flow nasal cannula versus oxygen face mask for environmental bacterial contamination in critically ill pneumonia patients: a randomized controlled crossover trial. J Hosp Infect. 2019;101:84\u20137.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"825_CR10","unstructured":"Organization WH. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance, 28 January 2020. World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 13]; https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/330893."},{"key":"825_CR11","unstructured":"STROBE Statement: [cited 2020 Aug 13]. https:\/\/www.strobe-statement.org\/?id=available-checklists."},{"key":"825_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.006","volume":"96","author":"Y Shang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shang Y, Xu C, Jiang F, Huang R, Li Y, Zhou Y, et al. Clinical characteristics and changes of chest CT features in 307 patients with common COVID-19 pneumonia infected SARS-CoV-2: a multicenter study in Jiangsu. China Int J Infect Dis. 2020;96:157\u201362.","journal-title":"China Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"825_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3661","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6607","volume":"34","author":"PC Austin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Austin PC, Stuart EA. Moving towards best practice when using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) using the propensity score to estimate causal treatment effects in observational studies. Statist Med. 2015;34:3661\u201379.","journal-title":"Statist Med"},{"key":"825_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","volume":"30","author":"IR White","year":"2011","unstructured":"White IR, Royston P, Wood AM. Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice. Stat Med. 2011;30:377\u201399.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"825_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280212445945","volume":"25","author":"R Mitra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mitra R, Reiter JP. A comparison of two methods of estimating propensity scores after multiple imputation. Stat Methods Med Res. 2016;25:188\u2013204.","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res."},{"key":"825_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2011.568786","volume":"46","author":"PC Austin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Austin PC. An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivariate Behav Res. 2011;46:399\u2013424.","journal-title":"Multivariate Behav Res"},{"key":"825_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201803-0589OC","volume":"199","author":"O Roca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roca O, Caralt B, Messika J, Samper M, Sztrymf B, Hern\u00e1ndez G, et al. An index combining respiratory rate and oxygenation to predict outcome of nasal high-flow therapy. Am J RespirCrit Care Med. 2019;199:1368\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J RespirCrit Care Med"},{"key":"825_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"COVID-ICU Group on behalf of the REVA Network and the COVID-ICU Investigators. Clinical characteristics and day-90 outcomes of 4244 critically ill adults with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47:60\u201373.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06294-x"},{"key":"825_CR19","first-page":"1","volume":"49","author":"G He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He G, Han Y, Fang Q, Zhou J, Shen J, Li T, et al. Clinical experience of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in severe corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Zhejiang Da XueXueBao Yi Xue Ban. 2020;49:1.","journal-title":"Zhejiang Da XueXueBao Yi Xue Ban."},{"key":"825_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00653-z","volume":"10","author":"K Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang K, Zhao W, Li J, Shu W, Duan J. The experience of high-flow nasal cannula in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in two hospitals of Chongqing China. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10:37.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"825_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06177-1","volume":"46","author":"N Zucman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zucman N, Mullaert J, Roux D, Roca O, Ricard J-D, Longrois D, et al. Prediction of outcome of nasal high flow use during COVID-19-related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:1924\u20136.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"825_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00744-x","volume":"10","author":"V Montiel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Montiel V, Robert A, Robert A, Nabaoui A, Marie T, Mestre NM, et al. Surgical mask on top of high-flow nasal cannula improves oxygenation in critically ill COVID-19 patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10:125.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"825_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2871","volume":"148","author":"G Spoletini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Spoletini G, Alotaibi M, Blasi F, Hill NS. Heated humidified high-flow nasal oxygen in adults: mechanisms of action and clinical implications. Chest. 2015;148:253\u201361.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"825_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1263-z","volume":"20","author":"O Roca","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roca O, Hern\u00e1ndez G, D\u00edaz-Lobato S, Carratal\u00e1 JM, Guti\u00e9rrez RM, Masclans JR, et al. Current evidence for the effectiveness of heated and humidified high flow nasal cannula supportive therapy in adult patients with respiratory failure. Crit Care. 2016;20:109.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"825_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06092-5","volume":"46","author":"S Aziz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aziz S, Arabi YM, Alhazzani W, Evans L, Citerio G, Fischkoff K, et al. Managing ICU surge during the COVID-19 crisis: rapid guidelines. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:1303\u201325.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"825_CR26","first-page":"1","volume":"56","author":"C Franco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Franco C, Facciolongo N, Tonelli R, Dongilli R, Vianello A, Pisani L, et al. Feasibility and clinical impact of out-of-ICU noninvasive respiratory support in patients with COVID-19-related pneumonia. EurRespir J. 2020;56:1.","journal-title":"EurRespir J."}],"container-title":["Annals of Intensive Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00825-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00825-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00825-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T06:39:12Z","timestamp":1767767952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00825-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["825"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00825-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2110-5820"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2110-5820","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the H\u00f4pital Avicenne with the Reference Number: CLEA-2020-146.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Informed written consent was obtained from the patients for publication of this article and any accompanying images.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"JRZ reports personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Correvio, personal fees from Eumedica, personal fees from Merck Sharp and Dohme, outside the submitted work. NB, OM, MB, VL, NE, PK, YTL, GVDM, JO, MS, MG, AW, PA, SG ang YC report no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"37"}}