{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:54:39Z","timestamp":1776837279889,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005261","name":"Centre Hospitalier R\u00e9gional Universitaire de Montpellier","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIC 9358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIC 9358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann. Intensive Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Precision medicine risk stratification is desperately needed to both avoid systemic antifungals treatment delay and over prescription in the critically ill with risk factors. The aim of the present study was to explore the combination of host immunoparalysis biomarker (monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression (mHLA-DR)) and Candida sp wall biomarker \u03b2-\n                      <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                      -glucan in risk stratifying patients for secondary invasive Candida infection (IC).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prospective observational study. Two intensive care units (ICU). All consecutive non-immunocompromised septic shock patients. Serial blood samples (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009286) were collected at day 0, 2 and 7 and mHLA-DR and \u03b2-\n                      <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                      -glucan were then retrospectively assayed after discharge. Secondary invasive Candida sp infection occurrence was then followed at clinicians\u2019 discretion.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty patients were included, 42 (84%) had a Candida score equal or greater than 3 and 10 patients developed a secondary invasive Candida sp infection. ICU admission mHLA-DR expression and \u03b2-\n                      <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                      -glucan (BDG) failed to predict secondary invasive Candida sp infection. Time-dependent cause-specific hazard ratio of IC was 6.56 [1.24\u201334.61] for mHLA-DR\u2009&lt;\u20095000 Ab\/c and 5.25 [0.47\u201358.9] for BDG\u2009&gt;\u2009350\u00a0pg\/mL. Predictive negative value of mHLA-DR\u2009&gt;\u20095000 Ab\/c and BDG\u2009&gt;\u2009350\u00a0pg\/mL combination at day 7 was 81% [95% CI 70\u201392].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study suggests that mHLA-DR may help predicting IC in high-risk patients with septic shock. The added value of BDG and other fungal tests should be regarded according to the host immune function markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00918-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]],"date-time":"2021-08-21T09:02:42Z","timestamp":1629536562000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR but not \u03b2-d-glucan may help early diagnosing invasive Candida infection in critically ill patients"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Boris","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Le Bihan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Portales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Bourgeois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Lachaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Chanques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthieu","family":"Conseil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Corne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Massanet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Timsit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Jaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"918_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12499","volume":"274","author":"MJ Delano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Delano MJ, Ward PA. The immune system\u2019s role in sepsis progression, resolution, and long-term outcome. Immunol Rev. 2016;274:330\u201353.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"918_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70001-X","volume":"13","author":"RS Hotchkiss","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hotchkiss RS, Monneret G, Payen D. Immunosuppression in sepsis: a novel understanding of the disorder and a new therapeutic approach. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:260\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"918_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31825f018d","volume":"117","author":"K Asehnoune","year":"2012","unstructured":"Asehnoune K, Roquilly A, Abraham E. Innate immune dysfunction in trauma patients: from pathophysiology to treatment. Anesthesiology. 2012;117:411\u20136.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"918_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0204-8","volume":"32","author":"G Monneret","year":"2006","unstructured":"Monneret G, Lepape A, Voirin N, Boh\u00e9 J, Venet F, Debard A-L, et al. Persisting low monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression predicts mortality in septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2006;32:1175\u201383.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"918_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-014-3408-3","volume":"40","author":"O Lortholary","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lortholary O, Renaudat C, Sitbon K, Madec Y, Denoeud-Ndam L, Wolff M, et al. Worrisome trends in incidence and mortality of candidemia in intensive care units (Paris area, 2002\u20132010). Intensive Care Med. 2014;40:1303\u201312.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"918_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1315399","volume":"373","author":"BJ Kullberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kullberg BJ, Arendrup MC. Invasive Candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:1445\u201356.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"918_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000221","volume":"42","author":"M Puig-Asensio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Puig-Asensio M, Pem\u00e1n J, Zaragoza R, Garnacho-Montero J, Mart\u00edn-Mazuelos E, Cuenca-Estrella M, et al. Impact of therapeutic strategies on the prognosis of candidemia in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:1423\u201332.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"918_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-015-0103-7","volume":"6","author":"O Leroy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leroy O, Bailly S, Gangneux J-P, Mira J-P, Devos P, Dupont H, et al. Systemic antifungal therapy for proven or suspected invasive candidiasis: the AmarCAND 2 study. Ann Intensive Care. 2016;6:1.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"918_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit006","volume":"56","author":"CJ Clancy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH. Finding the \u201cmissing 50%\u201d of Invasive Candidiasis: how nonculture diagnostics will improve understanding of disease spectrum and transform patient care. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:1284\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"918_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S380","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181e6cf25","volume":"38","author":"JA Smith","year":"2010","unstructured":"Smith JA, Kauffman CA. Recognition and prevention of nosocomial invasive fungal infections in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:S380-387.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"918_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir897","volume":"54","author":"F Lamoth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lamoth F, Cruciani M, Mengoli C, Castagnola E, Lortholary O, Richardson M et al. Glucan antigenemia assay for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies from the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL-3). Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:633\u201343.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"918_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000221","volume":"42","author":"M Puig-Asensio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Puig-Asensio M, Pem\u00e1n J, Zaragoza R, Garnacho-Montero J, Mart\u00edn-Mazuelos E, Cuenca-Estrella M, et al. Impact of therapeutic strategies on the prognosis of Candidemia in the ICU*. Crit Care Med. 2014;42:1423\u201332.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"918_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis021","volume":"54","author":"DR Andes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Andes DR, Safdar N, Baddley JW, Playford G, Reboli AC, Rex JH, et al. Impact of treatment strategy on outcomes in patients with candidemia and other forms of invasive Candidiasis: a patient-level quantitative review of randomized trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1110\u201322.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"918_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4731-2","volume":"43","author":"M Bassetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bassetti M, Garnacho-Montero J, Calandra T, Kullberg B, Dimopoulos G, Azoulay E, et al. Intensive care medicine research agenda on invasive fungal infection in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:1225\u201338.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"918_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e012799","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012799","volume":"6","author":"JF Cohen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cohen JF, Korevaar DA, Altman DG, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Hooft L, et al. STARD 2015 guidelines for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies: explanation and elaboration. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e012799.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"918_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.6.1644","volume":"101","author":"RC Bone","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bone RC, Balk RA, Cerra FB, Dellinger RP, Fein AM, Knaus WA, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. The ACCP\/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. American College of Chest Physicians\/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Chest. 1992;101:1644\u201355.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"918_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1086\/588660","volume":"46","author":"B De Pauw","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Pauw B, Walsh TJ, Donnelly JP, Stevens DA, Edwards JE, Calandra T, et al. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for research and treatment of cancer\/invasive fungal infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC\/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1813\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"918_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510240069035","volume":"270","author":"J-RL Gall","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gall J-RL, Lemeshow S, Saulnier F. A new simplified acute physiology score (SAPS II) based on a European\/North American multicenter study. JAMA. 1993;270:2957\u201363.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"918_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1754","volume":"302","author":"J-L Vincent","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vincent J-L, Rello J, Marshall J, Silva E, Anzueto A, Martin CD, et al. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA. 2009;302:2323\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"918_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12039","volume":"18","author":"OA Cornely","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cornely OA, Bassetti M, Calandra T, Garbino J, Kullberg BJ, Lortholary O, et al. ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients: diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:19\u201337.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"918_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.052639","volume":"51","author":"W-D D\u00f6cke","year":"2005","unstructured":"D\u00f6cke W-D, H\u00f6flich C, Davis KA, R\u00f6ttgers K, Meisel C, Kiefer P, et al. Monitoring temporary immunodepression by flow cytometric measurement of monocytic HLA-DR expression: a multicenter standardized study. Clin Chem. 2005;51:2341\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"918_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R208","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9331","volume":"14","author":"A Cheron","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheron A, Floccard B, Allaouchiche B, Guignant C, Poitevin F, Malcus C, et al. Lack of recovery in monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression is independently associated with the development of sepsis after major trauma. Crit Care. 2010;14:R208.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"918_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819daa14","volume":"37","author":"C Leon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leon C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, Galvan B, Blanco A, Castro C, et al. Usefulness of the \u201cCandida score\u201d for discriminating between Candida colonization and invasive candidiasis in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: A prospective multicenter study. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:1624\u201333.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"918_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02473-12","volume":"51","author":"J Held","year":"2013","unstructured":"Held J, Kohlberger I, Rappold E, Busse Grawitz A, H\u00e4cker G. Comparison of (1->3)-\u03b2-D-glucan, mannan\/anti-mannan antibodies, and Cand-Tec Candida antigen as serum biomarkers for candidemia. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:1158\u201364.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"918_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu074","volume":"58","author":"L Ostrosky-Zeichner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Shoham S, Vazquez J, Reboli A, Betts R, Barron MA, et al. MSG-01: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Caspofungin prophylaxis followed by preemptive therapy for invasive Candidiasis in high-risk adults in the critical care setting. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:1219\u201326.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"918_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp107","volume":"170","author":"B Lau","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lau B, Cole SR, Gange SJ. Competing risk regression models for epidemiologic data. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170:244\u201356.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"918_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2939","volume":"11","author":"L Romani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Romani L. Immunity to fungal infections. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:275\u201388.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"918_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2119\/2007-00102.Monneret","volume":"14","author":"G Monneret","year":"2008","unstructured":"Monneret G, Venet F, Pachot A, Lepape A. Monitoring immune dysfunctions in the septic patient: a new skin for the old ceremony. Mol Med. 2008;14:64\u201378.","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"918_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-1962-x","volume":"36","author":"C Landelle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Landelle C, Lepape A, Voirin N, Tognet E, Venet F, Boh\u00e9 J, et al. Low monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR is independently associated with nosocomial infections after septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 2010;36:1859\u201366.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"918_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R220","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10457","volume":"15","author":"J-F Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu J-F, Ma J, Chen J, Ou-Yang B, Chen M-Y, Li L-F, et al. Changes of monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression as a reliable predictor of mortality in severe sepsis. Crit Care. 2011;15:R220.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"918_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200903-0363OC","volume":"180","author":"C Meisel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Meisel C, Schefold JC, Pschowski R, Baumann T, Hetzger K, Gregor J, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to reverse sepsis-associated immunosuppression: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180:640\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"918_CR32","first-page":"2746","volume":"37","author":"A-C Lukaszewicz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lukaszewicz A-C, Grienay M, Resche-Rigon M, Pirracchio R, Faivre V, Boval B, et al. Monocytic HLA-DR expression in intensive care patients: Interest for prognosis and secondary infection prediction*. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:2746\u201352.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"918_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-2830-x","volume":"24","author":"GP Leijte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leijte GP, Rimmel\u00e9 T, Kox M, Bruse N, Monard C, Gossez M, et al. Monocytic HLA-DR expression kinetics in septic shock patients with different pathogens, sites of infection and adverse outcomes. Crit Care. 2020;24:110.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"918_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2616-y","volume":"38","author":"C Le\u00f3n","year":"2012","unstructured":"Le\u00f3n C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, Castro C, \u00dabeda A, Loza A, et al. Value of \u03b2-d-glucan and Candida albicans germ tube antibody for discriminating between Candida colonization and invasive candidiasis in patients with severe abdominal conditions. Intensive Care Med. 2012;38:1315\u201325.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"918_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-1-50","volume":"1","author":"G Leroy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leroy G, Lambiotte F, Th\u00e9venin D, Lemaire C, Parmentier E, Devos P, et al. Evaluation of \u201cCandida score\u201d in critically ill patients: a prospective, multicenter, observational, cohort study. Ann Intensive Care. 2011;1:50.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"918_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0270-z","volume":"26","author":"L Ostrosky-Zeichner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Sable C, Sobel J, Alexander BD, Donowitz G, Kan V, et al. Multicenter retrospective development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for nosocomial invasive candidiasis in the intensive care setting. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;26:271\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"918_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000215","volume":"28","author":"RK Shields","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shields RK, Nguyen MH, Clancy CJ. Clinical perspectives on echinocandin resistance among Candida species. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2015;28:514\u201322.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"918_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318236f297","volume":"40","author":"E Azoulay","year":"2012","unstructured":"Azoulay E, Dupont H, Tabah A, Lortholary O, Stahl J-P, Francais A, et al. Systemic antifungal therapy in critically ill patients without invasive fungal infection*. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(3):813\u201322.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"918_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annfar.2014.02.016","volume":"33","author":"P Massanet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Massanet P, Jung B, Molinari N, Villiet M, Moulaire V, Roch-Torreilles I, et al. Traitements antifongiques en r\u00e9animation au cours des infections fongiques invasives document\u00e9es ou suspect\u00e9es. Ann Fr Anesth R\u00e9animation. 2014;33:232\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Fr Anesth R\u00e9animation"},{"key":"918_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R249","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10507","volume":"15","author":"B Posteraro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Posteraro B, De Pascale G, Tumbarello M, Torelli R, Pennisi MA, Bello G, et al. Early diagnosis of candidemia in intensive care unit patients with sepsis: a prospective comparison of (1\u21923)-\u03b2-D-glucan assay, Candida score, and colonization index. Crit Care. 2011;15:R249.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"918_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201211-2069OC","volume":"188","author":"F Tissot","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tissot F, Lamoth F, Hauser PM, Orasch C, Fl\u00fcckiger U, Siegemund M, et al. \u03b2-Glucan antigenemia anticipates diagnosis of blood culture-negative intraabdominal candidiasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188:1100\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"918_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01737-13","volume":"51","author":"ES Theel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Theel ES, Doern CD. \u03b2-D-glucan testing is important for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:3478\u201383.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"918_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq206","volume":"52","author":"DE Karageorgopoulos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karageorgopoulos DE, Vouloumanou EK, Ntziora F, Michalopoulos A, Rafailidis PI, Falagas ME. \u03b2-D-glucan assay for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:750\u201370.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"918_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1086\/647942","volume":"49","author":"S Koo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koo S, Bryar JM, Page JH, Baden LR, Marty FM. Diagnostic performance of the (1\u21923)-\u03b2-d-glucan assay for invasive fungal disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1650\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"918_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1086\/432470","volume":"41","author":"L Ostrosky-Zeichner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Alexander BD, Kett DH, Vazquez J, Pappas PG, Saeki F, et al. Multicenter clinical evaluation of the (1\u2013>3) beta-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2005;41:654\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"918_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2010.512300","volume":"49","author":"L Ostrosky-Zeichner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Kullberg BJ, Bow EJ, Hadley S, Le\u00f3n C, Nucci M, et al. Early treatment of candidemia in adults: a review. Med Mycol. 2011;49:113\u201320.","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"918_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw188","volume":"71","author":"M Nucci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nucci M, Nou\u00e9r SA, Esteves P, Guimar\u00e3es T, Breda G, de Miranda BG, et al. Discontinuation of empirical antifungal therapy in ICU patients using 1,3-\u03b2-d-glucan. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:2628\u201333.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"918_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw392","volume":"71","author":"M Bassetti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bassetti M, Peghin M, Timsit J-F. The current treatment landscape: candidiasis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:13\u201322.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"918_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofw128","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw128","volume":"3","author":"C Angebault","year":"2016","unstructured":"Angebault C, Lanternier F, Dalle F, Schrimpf C, Roupie A-L, Dupuis A, et al. Prospective evaluation of serum \u03b2-glucan testing in patients with probable or proven fungal diseases. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3:ofw128.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"918_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw112","volume":"71","author":"B Posteraro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Posteraro B, Tumbarello M, De Pascale G, Liberto E, Vallecoccia MS, De Carolis E, et al. (1,3)-\u03b2-d-Glucan-based antifungal treatment in critically ill adults at high risk of candidaemia: an observational study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:2262\u20139.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"918_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.14655","volume":"316","author":"J-F Timsit","year":"2016","unstructured":"Timsit J-F, Azoulay E, Schwebel C, Charles PE, Cornet M, Souweine B, et al. Empirical micafungin treatment and survival without invasive fungal infection in adults with ICU-acquired sepsis, Candida colonization, and multiple organ failure: The EMPIRICUS randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;316:1555.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"918_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4743-y","volume":"43","author":"O Lortholary","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lortholary O, Renaudat C, Sitbon K, Desnos-Ollivier M, Bretagne S, Dromer F, et al. The risk and clinical outcome of candidemia depending on underlying malignancy. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:652\u201362.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"918_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200694","volume":"366","author":"JR Brahmer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brahmer JR, Tykodi SS, Chow LQM, Hwu W-J, Topalian SL, Hwu P, et al. Safety and activity of anti-PD-L1 antibody in patients with advanced cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2455\u201365.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"918_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-017-4988-5","volume":"44","author":"JV Desai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Desai JV, van de Veerdonk FL, Lionakis MS. Understanding the role of host immune responses in invasive candidiasis. Intensive Care Med. 2018;44:1310\u20134.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"}],"container-title":["Annals of Intensive Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00918-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00918-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00918-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T06:41:03Z","timestamp":1767768063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/annalsofintensivecare.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00918-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-021-00918-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2110-5820"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2110-5820","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethic committee (Comit\u00e9 de Protection des Personnes Sud-Mediterran\u00e9e III, 2014-A00500-47).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study or their legally authorized representatives.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"SJ declares consulting fees from Drager, Xenios and Fisher & Paykel. BJ does not declare any conflicts of interests. GC declares speaker fees from Aspen medical and Orion pharma and consulting fees from Orion pharma. JFT declares speaker fees from Merck, Pfizer, Biomerieux; consulting fees from Pfizer, Gilead, Merck, Nabriva, Paratek, Medimune and research grants from 3M, Merck, Pfizer. Other authors do not declare any conflicts of interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"129"}}