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Intensive Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There is growing interest towards the use of helmet noninvasive ventilation (NIV) for the management of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Gas conditioning through heat and moisture exchangers (HME) or heated humidifiers (HHs) is needed during facemask NIV to provide a minimum level of humidity in the inspired gas (15\u00a0mg H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\/L). The optimal gas conditioning strategy during helmet NIV remains to be established.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (PaO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009300\u00a0mmHg) underwent consecutive 1-h periods of helmet NIV (PEEP 12 cmH\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O, pressure support 12 cmH\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O) with four humidification settings, applied in a random order: double-tube circuit with HHs and temperature set at 34\u00a0\u00b0C (HH34) and 37\u00a0\u00b0C (HH37); Y-piece circuit with HME; double-tube circuit with no humidification (NoH). Temperature and humidity of inhaled gas were measured through a capacitive hygrometer. Arterial blood gases, discomfort and dyspnea through visual analog scales (VAS), esophageal pressure swings (\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ES<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and simplified pressure\u2013time product (PTP\n                      <jats:sub>ES<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), dynamic transpulmonary driving pressure (\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and asynchrony index were measured in each step.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Median [IqR] absolute humidity, temperature and VAS discomfort were significantly lower during NoH vs. HME, HH34 and HH37: absolute humidity (mgH\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\/L) 16 [12\u201319] vs. 28 [23\u201331] vs. 28 [24\u201331] vs. 33 [29\u201338],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; temperature (\u00b0C) 29 [28\u201330] vs. 30 [29\u201331] vs. 31 [29\u201332] vs 32. [31\u201333],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; VAS discomfort 4 [2\u20136] vs. 6 [2\u20137] vs. 7 [4\u20138] vs. 8 [4\u201310],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03. VAS discomfort increased with higher absolute humidity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and temperature (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.007). Higher VAS discomfort was associated with increased VAS dyspnea (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). Arterial blood gases, respiratory rate, \u0394P\n                      <jats:sub>ES<\/jats:sub>\n                      , PTP\n                      <jats:sub>ES<\/jats:sub>\n                      and \u0394P\n                      <jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub>\n                      were similar in all conditions. Overall asynchrony index was similar in all steps, but autotriggering rate was lower during NoH and HME (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During 1-h sessions of helmet NIV in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure, a double-tube circuit with no humidification allowed adequate conditioning of inspired gas, optimized comfort and improved patient\u2013ventilator interaction. Use of HHs or HME in this setting resulted in increased discomfort due to excessive heat and humidity in the interface, which was associated with more intense dyspnea.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Trail Registration<\/jats:italic>\n                      Registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02875379) on August 23rd, 2016.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00972-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T13:02:43Z","timestamp":1640350963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Gas conditioning during helmet noninvasive ventilation: effect on comfort, gas exchange, inspiratory effort, transpulmonary pressure and patient\u2013ventilator interaction"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Filippo","family":"Bongiovanni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4557-6308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico Luca","family":"Grieco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Marco","family":"Anzellotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca Salvatore","family":"Menga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Michi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melania","family":"Cesarano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Raggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"De Bartolomeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Mura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Mercurio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"D\u2019Arrigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Maviglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariano Alberto","family":"Pennisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"972_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02426-2016","author":"B Rochwerg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rochwerg B, Brochard L, Elliott MW, Hess D, Hill NS, Nava S, et al. 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