{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:21:33Z","timestamp":1790299293022,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Animal Resources Research Corporation (ARRC), Khartoum, Sudan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir Vet J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne viral disease of ruminant and camelid species which is transmitted by <jats:italic>Culicoides<\/jats:italic> spp. The causative agent of BT is bluetongue virus (BTV) that belongs to genus <jats:italic>Orbivirus<\/jats:italic> of the family <jats:italic>Reoviridae<\/jats:italic>. The clinical disease is seen mainly in sheep but mostly sub-clinical infections of BT are seen in cattle, goats and camelids. The clinical reaction of camels to infection is usually not apparent. The disease is notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), causing great economic losses due to decreased trade and high mortality and morbidity rates associated with bluetongue outbreaks. The objective of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of BTV in camels in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan and to identify the potential risk factors associated with the infection. A cross sectional study using a structured questionnaire survey was conducted during 2015\u20132016. A total of 210 serum samples were collected randomly from camels from 8 localities of Kassala State. The serum samples were screened for the presence of BTV specific immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Seropositivity to BTV IgG was detected in 165 of 210 camels\u2019 sera accounting for a prevalence of 78.6%. Potential risk factors to BTV infection were associated with sex (OR\u2009=\u20090.061, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value\u2009=\u20090.001) and seasonal river as water source for drinking (OR\u2009=\u200932.257, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value\u00a0<jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\u00a00.0108).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Sex and seasonal river as water source for drinking were considered as potential risk factors for seropositivity to BTV in camels. The high prevalence of BTV in camels in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan, necessitates further epidemiological studies of BTV infection in camels and other ruminant species to better be able to control BT disease in this region.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-021-00186-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T17:03:00Z","timestamp":1616778180000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sero-epidemiological survey of bluetongue disease in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Molhima M.","family":"Elmahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed O.","family":"Hussien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdel Rahim E.","family":"Karrar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira M.","family":"Elhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdel Rahim M.","family":"El Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"186_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2020.1831708","volume":"40","author":"M Saminathan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saminathan M, Singh KP, Khorajiya JH, Dinesh M, Vineetha S, Maity M, Rahman AF, Misri J, Malik YS, Gupta VK, Singh RK, Dhama K. An updated review on bluetongue virus: epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control with special reference to India. Vet Q. 2020;40(1):258\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01652176.2020.1831708.","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"issue":"17","key":"186_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.161.17.591","volume":"161","author":"A Backx","year":"2007","unstructured":"Backx A, Heutink CG, Van Rooij MA, Van Rijn PA. Clinical signs of bluetongue virus serotype 8 infection in sheep and goats. Vet Rec. 2007;161(17):591\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.161.17.591.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"186_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.11.012","volume":"136","author":"F Dal Pozzo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dal Pozzo F, De Clercq K, Guyot H, Vandemeulebroucke E, Sarradin P, Vandenbussche F, Thiry E, Saegerman C. Experimental reproduction of bluetongue virus serotype 8 clinical disease in calves. Vet Microbiol. 2009;136(3\u20134):352\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.11.012.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"186_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.07.025","volume":"154","author":"C Schulz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schulz C, Eschbaumer M, Rudolf M, K\u00f6nig P, Keller M, Bauer C, Gauly M, Grevelding CG, Beer M, Hoffmann B. Experimental infection of south American camelids with bluetongue virus serotype 8. Vet Microbiol. 2012;154(3\u20134):257\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.07.025.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"186_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800048263","volume":"105","author":"ME Mohammed","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mohammed ME, Mellor PS. Further studies on bluetongue and bluetongue-related Orbiviruses in the Sudan. Epidemiol Infect. 1990;105(3):619\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268800048263.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"186_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.09.014","volume":"111","author":"IE Aradaib","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aradaib IE, Mohamed ME, Abdalla TM, Sarr J, Abdalla MA, Yousof MA, Hassan YA, Karrar AR. Serogrouping of United States and some African serotypes of bluetongue virus using RT-PCR. Vet Microbiol. 2005;111(3\u20134):145\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.09.014.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"186_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.6.2.298","volume":"6","author":"AM Shommein","year":"1987","unstructured":"Shommein AM, Osman AM. Diseases of camels in the Sudan. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz. 1987;6(2):481\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20506\/rst.6.2.298.","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz"},{"issue":"4","key":"186_CR8","first-page":"438","volume":"38","author":"EM Abu Elzien","year":"1985","unstructured":"Abu Elzien EM. Bluetongue in camels: a serological survey of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the Sudan. Rev Elev M\u00e9d v\u00e9t Pays trop. 1985;38(4):438\u201342.","journal-title":"Rev Elev M\u00e9d v\u00e9t Pays trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"186_CR9","first-page":"40","volume":"1","author":"SI Saeed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saeed SI, Aradaib IE. A survey of bluetongue virus antibodies and associate risk factors among camels in Khartoum State, Sudan. J Camel Res Prod. 2017;1(1):40\u20139.","journal-title":"J Camel Res Prod"},{"key":"186_CR10","first-page":"595724","volume":"2014","author":"AM Elhassan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elhassan AM, Fadol MA, El Hussein AR. Seroprevalence of bluetongue virus in dairy herds with reproductive problems in Sudan. ISRN Vet Sci. 2014;2014:595724.","journal-title":"ISRN Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"186_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-94","volume":"10","author":"IA Adam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adam IA, Abdalla MA, Mohamed ME, Aradaib IE. Prevalence of bluetongue virus infection and associated risk factors among cattle in North Kordufan State, Western Sudan. BMC Vet Res. 2014;10(1):94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1746-6148-10-94.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"186_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-67-4","volume":"67","author":"HO Khair","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khair HO, Adam IA, Bushara SB, Eltom KH, Musa NO, Aradaib IE. Prevalence of bluetongue virus antibodies and associated risk factors among cattle in East Darfur State, Western Sudan. Irish Vet J. 2014;67(1):1\u20137.","journal-title":"Irish Vet J"},{"key":"186_CR13","volume-title":"Veterinary epidemiology principles and methods","author":"SW Martin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Martin SW, Meek AH, Willeberg P. Veterinary epidemiology principles and methods. Lowa: Lowa States University Press; 1987."},{"issue":"7","key":"186_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.5455\/vetworld.2012.389-393","volume":"5","author":"MR Yousef","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yousef MR, Al-Eesa AA, Al-Blowi MH. High seroprevalence of bluetongue virus antibodies in sheep, goats, cattle and camel in different districts of Saudi Arabia. Vet World. 2012;5(7):389\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/vetworld.2012.389-393.","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"issue":"2","key":"186_CR15","first-page":"171","volume":"20","author":"AA Mozaffari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mozaffari AA, Sakhaee E, Khalili M, Ardakani AP. High seroprevalence of bluetongue virus (BTV) antibodies in camel in Yazd province of Iran. J Camel Pract Res. 2013;20(2):171\u20133.","journal-title":"J Camel Pract Res"},{"key":"186_CR16","unstructured":"Elmahi MM. Serosurveillance and molecular detection of bluetongue virus in domestic ruminants in Kassala State, Sudan. MSc Thesis. Khartoum: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 2018."},{"issue":"1","key":"186_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.136","volume":"5","author":"AS Mahmoud","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mahmoud AS, Savini G, Spedicato M, Monaco F, Carmine I, Lorusso A, Francesco T, Mazzei M, Forzan M, Eldaghayes I, Dayhum A. Exploiting serological data to understand the epidemiology of bluetongue virus serotypes circulating in Libya. Vet Med Sci. 2019;5(1):79\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.136.","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"186_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e89633","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089633","volume":"9","author":"C Mayo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mayo C, Osborne C, Mullens B, Gerry A, Gardner I, Reisen W, Barker C, Maclachlan N. Seasonal variation and impact of waste-water lagoons as larval habitat on the population dynamics of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera:Ceratpogonidae) at two dairy farms in Northern California. PloS One. 2014;9(2):e89633.","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"186_CR19","volume-title":"Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, and goats","author":"PD Constable","year":"2017","unstructured":"Constable PD, Hinchcliff KW, Done SH, Gr\u00fcnberg W. Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, and goats. 11th ed. London: Saunders\/Elsevere; 2017.","edition":"11"},{"issue":"3","key":"186_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.8798","volume":"43","author":"AO Fayza","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fayza AO, Elzein EA, Tageldin MH, Hajer IE. Susceptibility of Sudanese sheep to a bluetongue virus isolated from apparently healthy cattle in the Sudan. Rev Elev M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop. 1990;43(3):313\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19182\/remvt.8798.","journal-title":"Rev Elev M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop"},{"key":"186_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.104994","volume":"179","author":"M Bakhshesh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bakhshesh M, Otarod V, Mehrabadi MHF. Large-scale seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bluetongue virus in Iran. Prev Vet Med. 2020;179:104994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.104994.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"186_CR22","volume-title":"Annual reports","author":"Anon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anon. Annual reports. Kassala State: Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources; 2017."}],"container-title":["Irish Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13620-021-00186-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13620-021-00186-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13620-021-00186-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T17:06:36Z","timestamp":1616778396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/irishvetjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13620-021-00186-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["186"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13620-021-00186-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-0481"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-0481","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Collection of blood from camels was performed by qualified veterinarians following proper physical restraint of animals to ensure both personnel and animal safety. Livestock owners were explained the study purposes and procedures and upon agreeing to participate, they provided a written consent prior to study procedures and blood collection from their animals. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Animal Resources Research Corporation (ARRC). The risk factor information was obtained from the animal owners through the structured questionnaire form, which permitted the use of the blood samples for diagnostic and research purposes.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The result of this study does not reflect the opinion of the funding sources. All authors have read and approved the final version of this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"9"}}