{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T01:27:41Z","timestamp":1768699661471,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir Vet J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cyanide is one of the most rapidly acting toxins affecting cattle, with poisoning typically occurring following ingestion of cyanogenic plants. Laurel <jats:italic>(Prunus laurocerasus)<\/jats:italic>, is one such potentially toxic cyanogenic plant. This case report details fatalities in an Irish herd following the ingestion of laurel and aims to raise awareness of the potential risk that access to laurel hedges poses to farm animals.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Over a twelve-day period, the death occurred of 36 dairy-cross weanlings; the majority (22 weanlings) died over a two-day period. Two days following entry to a field bounded by a laurel hedge, the weanlings displayed signs of lethargy and profuse green diarrhoea. In the majority of animals there was a limited response to treatment with antimicrobials, vitamin B complex and fluid therapy. Recumbency and death ensued. Cyanosis was noted terminally. Two weanlings were submitted for post mortem examination. Laurel leaves were identified in the rumen contents of one weanling. Post mortem findings and additional test results on cohort animals suggested a number of pathological processes may have been involved in the animals, possibly complicating\/exacerbating the effects of laurel ingestion. However, cyanide was considered a factor in a least some of the casualties and arrangements were made to test for cyanide on blood samples from a random selection of seven cohort animals. Although collected one week after exposure to the laurel hedge, toxic cyanide levels were recorded in a sample from one animal, which subsequently died.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The large fatality rate serves as a timely reminder to include plant poisoning as a differential diagnosis when dealing with large numbers of rapid fatalities. Failure to thoroughly examine rumen contents and collect a detailed history in this case, could easily have allowed death to be attributed to other causes and the involvement of cyanide toxicity to be missed. In cases of individual or group fatalities, history is invaluable and recent entry to new grazing areas or any potential diet change or access to garden plants should be thoroughly investigated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-021-00188-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T16:04:52Z","timestamp":1616601892000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Suspected cyanide toxicity in cattle associated with ingestion of laurel - a case report"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Aideen","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celine","family":"Mannion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maresa","family":"Sheehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"188_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.g6148","volume":"36","author":"J Payne","year":"2014","unstructured":"Payne J, Murphy A. Plant poisoning in farm animals. In Practice. 2014;36(9):455\u201365.","journal-title":"In Practice"},{"key":"188_CR2","unstructured":"Arnold M, Gaskill C, Smith SR, Lacefield GD. Cyanide Poisoning in Ruminants. Agriculture and Natural Resources Publications 168 2014.https:\/\/uknowledge.uky.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1168&context=anr_reports."},{"key":"188_CR3","unstructured":"DAFM, Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, and. All- AFBIisland Animal Disease Surveillance Report https:\/\/www.agriculture.gov.ie\/media\/migration\/animalhealthwelfare\/labservice\/rvlreports\/AIDSRReport016230118.pdf2016 [updated 19\/11\/2019."},{"key":"188_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kutay Y, Banu D, Remzi G, Erman M O. Cyanide Poisoning in Cattle. Journal of Dairy & Veterinary Sciences. 2017;1(4). DOI10.19080\/JDVS.2017.01.555567.","DOI":"10.19080\/JDVS.2017.01.555567"},{"key":"188_CR5","unstructured":"Pickrell JA, Oehme F. Cyanogenic glycosides. In Clinical Veterinary Toxicology. Ed K, Plumlee. St Louis, Mosby. 2013. pp\u00a0391\u2013392."},{"issue":"1","key":"188_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.104.1.29","volume":"104","author":"JE Poulton","year":"1994","unstructured":"Poulton JE, Li CP. Tissue Level Compartmentation of (R)-Amygdalin and Amygdalin Hydrolase Prevents Large-Scale Cyanogenesis in Undamaged Prunus Seeds. Plant Physiol. 1994;104(1):29\u201335.","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"188_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burrows G, Tyrl RJ. Toxic Plants of North America. 2nd ed. Iowa State University Press: Wiley- Blackwell; 2013. pp.\u00a01064\u20131094.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118413425"},{"key":"188_CR8","unstructured":"Cope RB. 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(2002) Cyanide and hydrogen sulfide. In Goldfrank\u2019s Toxicologic Emergencies. 7th edn. New York, McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. pp\u00a01498\u20131514."},{"key":"188_CR12","unstructured":"Jubb K, Kennedy PC, Palmer NC. Pathology of domestic animals. Fifth ed. Maxie MG, editor: Saunders; 2007."},{"key":"188_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gensa U. Review on Cyanide Poisoning in Ruminants. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. 2019;9:12. www.iiste.org ISSN 2224\u20133208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online) DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7176\/JBAH Vol.9, No.6, 2019.","DOI":"10.7176\/JBAH"},{"key":"188_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radi ZA, Styer EL, Thompson LJ. Prunus spp. intoxication in ruminants: a case in a goat and diagnosis by identification of leaf fragments in rumen contents. 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New Zealand Journal of Science Technology. 1950;30:277\u201391.","journal-title":"New Zealand Journal of Science Technology"}],"container-title":["Irish Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13620-021-00188-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13620-021-00188-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13620-021-00188-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T16:06:20Z","timestamp":1616601980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/irishvetjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13620-021-00188-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13620-021-00188-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-0481"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-0481","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Samples were collected as part of an on-farm investigation to aid a diagnosis in this large-scale mortality event.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have approved the final manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"No conflict of interest exists.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"6"}}