{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T06:48:04Z","timestamp":1745304484285,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Equine Health and Welfare Alliance Inc, Versailles KY"},{"name":"United States Trotting Association, Columbus, Ohio ."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013735","name":"Kentucky Science and Engineering Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir Vet J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Zilpaterol is a <jats:italic>\u03b22-<\/jats:italic>adrenergic agonist medication approved in certain countries as a cattle feed additive to improve carcass quality. Trace amounts of Zilpaterol can transfer to horse feed, yielding equine urinary \u201cidentifications\u201d of Zilpaterol. These \u201cidentifications\u201d occur because Zilpaterol is highly bioavailable in horses, resistant to biotransformation and excreted as unchanged Zilpaterol in urine, where it has a 5\u00a0day or so terminal half-life.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In horses, urinary steady-state concentrations are reached 25\u00a0days (5 half-lives) after exposure to contaminated feed. Zilpaterol readily presents in horse urine, yielding clusters of feed related Zilpaterol identifications in racehorses. The first cluster, April 2013, involved 48 racehorses in California; the second cluster, July 2013, involved 15 to 80 racehorses in Hong Kong. The third cluster, March 2019, involved 24 racehorses in Mauritius; this cluster traced to South African feedstuffs, triggering an alert concerning possible Zilpaterol feed contamination in South African racing. The fourth cluster, September\/October 2020 involved 18 or so identifications in French racing, reported by the French Laboratories des Courses Hippiques, (LCH), and in July 2021, a fifth cluster of 10 Zilpaterol identifications in South Africa.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The regulatory approach to these identifications has been to alert horsemen and feed companies and penalties against horsemen are generally not implemented. Additionally, given their minimal exposure to Zilpaterol, there is little likelihood of Zilpaterol effects on racing performance or adverse health effects for exposed horses.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The driving factor in these events is that Zilpaterol is dissolved in molasses for incorporation into cattle feed. Inadvertent incorporation of Zilpaterol containing molasses into horse feed was the source of the California and Hong Kong Zilpaterol identifications. A second factor in the 2019 Mauritius and 2020 French identifications was the sensitivity of testing for Zilpaterol in Mauritius and France, with the French laboratory reportedly testing at a \u201c<jats:italic>more sensitive level for Zilpaterol<\/jats:italic>\u201d. As of January 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>, 2021, the new FEI Atypical Finding (ATF) policy specifies Zilpaterol as a substance to be treated as an Atypical Finding (ATF), allowing consideration of inadvertent feed contamination in the regulatory evaluation of Zilpaterol identifications.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-022-00215-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T10:16:04Z","timestamp":1652523364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sporadic worldwide \u201cclusters\u201d of feed driven Zilpaterol identifications in racing horses: a review and analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Jacob","family":"Machin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Brewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abelardo","family":"Morales-Briceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Fenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Maylin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Tobin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"215_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1162","volume":"87","author":"JL Montgomery","year":"2009","unstructured":"Montgomery JL, Krehbiel CR, Cranston JJ, Yates DA, Hutcheson JP, Nichols WT, et al. 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All authors contributed to the review, analysis and drafting of the manuscript and all reviewed and approved the final product for publication. Authors JJM, KB, CF, AMB, GAM and TT are researchers and participants in areas of equine forensic science and have presented and at times testified as experts such matters. The corresponding author, TT, has at times advised parties with respect to matters involving Zilpaterol identifications.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11"}}