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Despite decades of an eradication programme that encompasses cattle testing, movement restrictions, and badger culling, bTB prevalence has increased in recent years. The epidemiology of bTB is complex, with inter-species (e.g. badger-cattle) and intra-species (e.g. cattle-cattle) transmission of infection. This study utilised whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to investigate the genetic diversity and spatial distribution of\n                      <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                      across the island of Ireland as a route to help elucidate transmission of infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 5,875\n                      <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from cattle and badgers were analysed to identify strain diversity, geographic clustering, and patterns of strain sharing within and between host species. Our findings reveal significant regional variation in strain distribution, with certain clades predominantly confined to specific regions, while others are more widely dispersed. Strong genetic similarities between cattle and badger isolates support the role of badgers as infection reservoirs. Furthermore, a subset of herds contained multi-strain infections and amongst these herds there were \u2018controlled finishing units\u2019 (CFUs), where infection was more likely driven by inward cattle movements than local transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      By integrating phylogenetic analysis with spatial mapping and cattle movement data, this study provides new insights into\n                      <jats:italic>M. bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission pathways and highlights the value of WGS in refining Ireland\u2019s bTB control strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-025-00324-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T23:07:14Z","timestamp":1764803234000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The genomic diversity and spatial patterns of Mycobacterium bovis\u00a0in Ireland revealed by whole genome sequencing"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"James","family":"O\u2019Shaughnessy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1ire","family":"McElroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Declan","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Kenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrietta","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deirdre","family":"Prendergast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Cupial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Goggin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lionel Kenneth","family":"Dygico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordy","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3112-5175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie A.","family":"Tratalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Devaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Purnika","family":"Ranasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Ardis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9077-8662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8545-396X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4833-5542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen V.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3020-7945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"324_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-024-00282-z","volume":"77","author":"SJ More","year":"2024","unstructured":"More SJ. 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