{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T23:23:08Z","timestamp":1783984988907,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017160","name":"Beni Suef University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017160","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir Vet J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is an arthropod-borne viral disease that infects cattle and buffaloes, leading to widespread illness and notable economic losses in warm and subtropical areas, particularly in Egypt. Although the disease is self-limiting, its clinical manifestations are accompanied by profound immune, inflammatory, and metabolic disturbances. However, integrated studies linking immune response, inflammatory biomarkers, and hemato-biochemical alterations in naturally infected cattle are limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate immune responses, inflammatory biomarkers, and hemato-biochemical changes in cattle naturally infected with BEF virus (BEFV), and to assess their relationships with clinical severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 78 lactating cows in their 2nd to 3rd parity, 90\u2013120\u00a0days in milk were selected for the current work. Cattle showing clinical suspicion of BEF were assessed during a naturally occurring outbreak that was identified using RT-PCR. Samples of blood were drawn from 57 infected animals and 21 clinically healthy controls. Hematological analyses including complete blood count (CBC) picture and blood indices were performed. Serum total protein, albumin, enzyme activities, total bilirubin, BUN, creatinine, cortisol, selenium and vitamin E were estimated. Gene expression of cytokines (\n                      <jats:italic>IL2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>IL6<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and immune related gene (\n                      <jats:italic>TLR2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), were analyzed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hematological analysis of infected cows demonstrated leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and lymphopenia, while erythrogram showed no significant alterations. Biochemical findings included increased ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, BUN, creatinine, and cortisol together with decreased total protein, albumin, globulin, selenium and vitamin E. Significant upregulation in cytokines genes (\n                      <jats:italic>IL2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>IL6<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and immune related gene (\n                      <jats:italic>TLR2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) in infected (The magnitude of cytokine, immune- related gene, cortisol and serum proteins responses correlated positively with disease severity and biochemical disturbances). Healthy control cows showed parameters within the normal levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the role of systemic inflammation and metabolic imbalance in BEF pathogenesis and suggest that inflammatory biomarkers, in combination with hemato-biochemical indices, may serve as valuable diagnostic and prognostic tools for disease monitoring in endemic regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-026-00332-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T08:25:03Z","timestamp":1770798303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Integrated evaluation of immune response, inflammatory biomarkers, clinical features and hemato-biochemical changes in bovine ephemeral fever-affected cattle"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Emad","family":"Abdel-Hamied","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingy A.","family":"Elgendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa G.","family":"Abdel-samad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa M.","family":"Abd-Elrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanan E.","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"332_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0262-4","volume":"46","author":"PJ Walker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Walker PJ, Klement E. Epidemiology and control of bovine ephemeral fever. Vet Res. 2015;46:124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-015-0262-4.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"332_CR2","volume":"7","author":"F Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng F, Wang Y, Li Z. Genomic analysis and host immune responses associated with bovine ephemeral fever virus infection. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:341.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"332_CR3","volume":"248","author":"F Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng F, Zhu W, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Liu H. Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of bovine ephemeral fever: a review. Vet Microbiol. 2020;248:108824.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"332_CR4","first-page":"329","volume":"48","author":"KF Baker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baker KF, Zaher KS, El-Dakhly KM. Epidemiological and clinical investigation of bovine ephemeral fever outbreaks in Egyptian dairy herds. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2016;48(2):329\u201337.","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"issue":"5","key":"332_CR5","first-page":"447","volume":"6","author":"K Zaher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zaher K, Ahmed W. Investigations on bovine ephemeral fever virus in Egyptian cows and buffaloes with emphasis on isolation and identification of a field strain. Glob Vet. 2011;6(5):447\u201352.","journal-title":"Glob Vet"},{"issue":"5","key":"332_CR6","first-page":"447","volume":"6","author":"KS Zaher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zaher KS, Ahmed WM. Observations on bovine ephemeral fever in Egypt: epidemiological and clinical studies. Glob Vet. 2011;6(5):447\u201352.","journal-title":"Glob Vet"},{"issue":"8","key":"332_CR7","first-page":"2095","volume":"164","author":"F Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee F, Huang CC, Liao YK. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of bovine ephemeral fever virus in East Asia. Arch Virol. 2019;164(8):2095\u2013105.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"332_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2015.09.004","volume":"168","author":"R Barigye","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barigye R, Melville LF, Davis S, Walsh S, Hunt N, Hunt R, et al. Kinetics of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-10, and virus neutralising antibodies during acute ephemeral fever virus infections in Brahman cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2015;168(3\u20134):159\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetimm.2015.09.004.","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"332_CR9","first-page":"1121","volume":"29","author":"RA Abo-Sakaya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abo-Sakaya RA, Bazan M. Biochemical and oxidative stress responses in cattle naturally infected with bovine ephemeral fever virus. Comp Clin Pathol. 2020;29(5):1121\u201330.","journal-title":"Comp Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"332_CR10","first-page":"312","volume":"17","author":"N Paksoy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paksoy N, Yilmaz V, Kizil O. Hemato-biochemical alterations and stress biomarker responses in naturally occurring bovine ephemeral fever in dairy cattle. Vet World. 2024;17(2):312\u20139.","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"issue":"1","key":"332_CR11","first-page":"75","volume":"27","author":"RA Abo-Sakaya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abo-Sakaya RA. Clinicopathological and biochemical studies on bovine ephemeral fever in cattle under field conditions. J Vet Med Res. 2020;27(1):75\u201384.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Res"},{"key":"332_CR12","unstructured":"Radostits OM, Mayhew IG, Houston DM. Veterinary clinical examination and diagnosis. WB Saunders. 2000."},{"issue":"1","key":"332_CR13","first-page":"29","volume":"34","author":"B Van der Westhuizen","year":"1967","unstructured":"Van der Westhuizen B. \u2018Studies on bovine ephemeral fever. I. Isolation and preliminary characterization of a virus from natural and experimentally produced cases of bovine ephemeral fever.\u2019 Onderstepoort J Vet Res. 1967;34(1):29\u201340.","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"332_CR14","volume":"64","author":"AD Hughes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hughes AD, Mattison J, Powderly JD, Greene BT, King MR. Rapid isolation of viable circulating tumor cells from patient blood samples. J Vis Exp. 2012;64:4248.","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"issue":"6","key":"332_CR15","first-page":"972","volume":"13","author":"S Kasem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kasem S, Dawod A, Khodier M, Kotb A, Abouelyazeed M, Abdel kareem S, et al. Isolation and characterization of bovine ephemeral fever virus in Delta Provinces, Egypt 2012. Glob Vet. 2014;13(6):972\u20136.","journal-title":"Glob Vet"},{"key":"332_CR16","volume-title":"Schalm\u2019s Veterinary Hematology","author":"BF Feldman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC. Schalm\u2019s Veterinary Hematology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, USA: Williams and Wilkins; 2000.","edition":"5th ed"},{"issue":"2","key":"332_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)57021-6","volume":"177","author":"AG Gornall","year":"1949","unstructured":"Gornall AG, Bardawill CJ, David MM. Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reaction. J Biol Chem. 1949;177(2):751\u201366 PMID: 18110453.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"332_CR18","unstructured":"Grant GH. Amino acids and proteins. In: TIETZ N. W. (Eds), Fundamentals of clinical chemistry, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1987. pp. 328\u2013329."},{"key":"332_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)74392-5","volume":"119","author":"HT Malloy","year":"1937","unstructured":"Malloy HT, Evelyn KA. The determination of bilirubin with the photoelectric colorimetric method. J Biol Chem. 1937;119:481\u201390.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"332_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(85)90358-4","volume":"153","author":"FJ Gella","year":"1985","unstructured":"Gella FJ, Olivella T, Cruz Pastor M, Arenas J, Moreno R, Durban R, et al. A simple procedure for routine determination of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase with pyridoxal phosphate. Clin Chim Acta. 1985;153:241\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"332_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/39.4.648","volume":"39","author":"SB Rosalki","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rosalki SB, Foo AY, Burlina A, et al. Multicenter evaluation of iso ALP test kit for measurement of bone alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and plasma. Clin Chem. 1993;39:648\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"332_CR22","unstructured":"Gutmann I, Bergmeyer HU. Methods of enzymatic Analysis, Vol, 4. ed Bergmeyer HU. NY: Academic Press; 1974. pp. 1794-1798."},{"key":"332_CR23","first-page":"53","volume":"46","author":"BC Mazzachi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mazzachi BC, Peake MJ, Ehrhardt V. Reference range and method comparison studies for enzymatic and Jaff\u00e9 creatinine assays in plasma and serum and early morning urine. Clin Lab. 2000;46:53\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Lab"},{"issue":"1","key":"332_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08991-4","volume":"51","author":"RLA Aziz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aziz RLA, Abdel-Wahab A, Abdel-Razik AH, Kamel S, Farghali AA, Saleh R, et al. Physiological roles of propolis and red ginseng nanoplatforms in alleviating dexamethasone-induced male reproductive challenges in a rat model. Mol Biol Rep. 2024;51(1):72.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"332_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxres\/tfae095","volume":"13","author":"HE Saeed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saeed HE, Ibrahim RR, Kamel S, El-Nahass ES, Khalifa AG. Behavioral, biochemical, histopathological evaluation and gene expression of brain injury induced by nanoceria injected intranasal or intraperitoneal in mice. Toxicol Res. 2024;13(4):tfae095.","journal-title":"Toxicol Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"332_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14417","volume":"58","author":"RL Abdel Aziz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdel Aziz RL, Hussein MM, El-Said H, Kamel S, Ibrahim MA, Abdel-Wahab A. Monitoring of health status, performance and transcript abundance of some genes in dairy heifers produced by embryo transfer or artificial insemination. Reprod Domest Anim. 2023;58(8):1146\u201355.","journal-title":"Reprod Domest Anim"},{"key":"332_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen HD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u20132\u2206\u2206CT method. Methods. 2001;25:402\u20138.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"332_CR28","volume-title":"Statistical methods","author":"GW Snedecor","year":"1994","unstructured":"Snedecor GW, Cochran WG. Statistical methods. 8th ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press; 1994.","edition":"8"},{"key":"332_CR29","unstructured":"Kahrs RF. Viral diseases of cattle. 2nd ed. Ames: Iowa state University Press; 2001."},{"issue":"5","key":"332_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1974.85","volume":"52","author":"GW Burgess","year":"1974","unstructured":"Burgess GW. A micro titer serum neutralization test for bovine ephemeral fever virus. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci. 1974;52(5):851\u20135.","journal-title":"Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"332_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-009-0397-1","volume":"154","author":"T Kato","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kato T, Aizawa M, Ito Y, Takayoshi K, Kokuba T, Yamakawa M. Genetic variation of the G gene of bovine ephemeral fever virus isolates in Japan. Arch Virol. 2009;154(6):987\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-009-0397-1.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"332_CR32","unstructured":"Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC, Tyadene SL, Penrith ML, eds. Infectious Diseases of Livestock. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press Southern Africa; 2020."},{"key":"332_CR33","unstructured":"Queensland Government. Bovine ephemeral fever (three-day sickness). Queensland, Australia: Department of Agriculture and Fisheries; 2018. https:\/\/www.business.qld.gov.au\/industries\/farms-fishing-forestry\/agriculture\/biosecurity\/animals\/diseases\/guide\/bovine-ephemeral-fever."},{"key":"332_CR34","unstructured":"Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD. Veterinary medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. 10th ed. Saunders Elsevier. 2007."},{"key":"332_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00008","volume":"4","author":"J Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Wang Y. Epidemiology and clinical features of bovine ephemeral fever in China. Front Vet Sci. 2017;4:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2017.00008.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"332_CR36","first-page":"456","volume":"54","author":"SW Abdullah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdullah SW, Khan MR, Aslam A, Masood S, Bajwa AG, Sheikh AA. Detection of bovine ephemeral fever virus and its effects on blood parameters and serum calcium levels in cattle population of District Swabi, Pakistan. Indian J Anim Res. 2020;54(4):456\u201361.","journal-title":"Indian J Anim Res"},{"key":"332_CR37","first-page":"1221","volume-title":"Schalm\u2019s Veterinary Haematology","author":"NC Jain","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jain NC. Schalm\u2019s Veterinary Haematology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger; 1986. p. 1221.","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"332_CR38","unstructured":"St George TD, Uren MF, Zakrzewski H. The pathogenesis and treatment of bovine ephemeral fever. Arbovirus Research in Australia, Proc. 4th symp. Brisbane Australia; 1986. pp. 303-307."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"332_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1071\/bi9840341","volume":"37","author":"TD St George","year":"1984","unstructured":"St George TD, Cybinski DH, Murphy GM, Dimmock CK. Serological and biochemical factors in bovine ephemeral fever. Aust J Biol Sci. 1984;37(5\u20136):341\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/bi9840341.","journal-title":"Aust J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"332_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(85)90059-8","volume":"10","author":"MF Uren","year":"1985","unstructured":"Uren MF, Murphy GM. Studies on the pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever in sentinel cattle. II. Haematological and biochemical data. Vet Microbiol. 1985;10(6):505\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0378-1135(85)90059-8.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"332_CR41","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Veterinary Clinical Pathology","author":"EH Coles","year":"1986","unstructured":"Coles EH. Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1986. p. 17\u20139.","edition":"4"},{"issue":"4","key":"332_CR42","first-page":"86","volume":"126","author":"PL Young","year":"1990","unstructured":"Young PL, Spradbrow PB. Clinical response of cattle to experimental infection with bovine ephemeral fever virus. Vet Rec. 1990;126(4):86\u20138.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"06","key":"332_CR43","first-page":"13432","volume":"7","author":"M Saied","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saied M. Some hematological and biochemical blood values in cattle diagnosed clinically as ephemeral fever in Qena governorate, Egypt. Int J Dev Res. 2017;7(06):13432\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Dev Res"},{"key":"332_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1977.tb07952.x","volume":"53","author":"GW Burgess","year":"1977","unstructured":"Burgess GW, Spradbrow PB. Studies on the pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever. Aust Vet J. 1977;53:363\u20138.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"332_CR45","first-page":"93","volume":"6","author":"A Amin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amin A. Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies on bovine ephemeral fever in cattle. J Adv Vet Res. 2016;6:93\u2013100.","journal-title":"J Adv Vet Res"},{"key":"332_CR46","unstructured":"Guifang C, Zigang Z, Xunnan Y, Wenbin B. Pathological changes in cattle experimentally infected with bovine ephemeral fever virus. St George TD, Uren MF, Young; 1992."},{"key":"332_CR47","unstructured":"Burtis CA, Bruns DE. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics - E-Book. 7th ed. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014."},{"key":"332_CR48","unstructured":"McPherson, Richard A., and Matthew R. Pincus. Henry\u2019s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 23rd ed., Elsevier Health Sciences, 2017."},{"key":"332_CR49","unstructured":"Singh A, Koritala T, Jialal I. Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia. [Updated 2023 Feb 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK549796."},{"key":"332_CR50","unstructured":"Zimmerman HJ. Function and Integrity of the Liver. In: Henry JB, editor. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 17th Edition. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 1984. p. 217\u201350."},{"key":"332_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(92)90017-N","volume":"30","author":"MF Uren","year":"2002","unstructured":"Uren MF, St George TD, Murphy GM. Studies on the pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever III: virological and biochemical data. Vet Microbiol. 2002;30:297\u2013307.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"332_CR52","first-page":"255","volume":"54","author":"M Zahid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zahid M, Durrani AZ, Ijaz M, Muhammad K, Usman M, Husnain M, et al. Use of physiological and clinical biomarkers as indicators in field study of Bovine Ephemeral Fever. Pak J Zool. 2022;54(1):255\u201363.","journal-title":"Pak J Zool"},{"key":"332_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/10253890701248020","volume":"10","author":"RJ Adcock","year":"2007","unstructured":"Adcock RJ, Katesh HG, Roberts MP, Carroll JA, Saxtonand AM, Kojima CJ. Temporal relationships between plasma cortisol, corticosteroids binding globulin (CBG) in pigs in response to adrenal stimulation or suppression. Int J Biol Stress. 2007;10:305\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10253890701248020.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Stress"},{"key":"332_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-980200","volume":"39","author":"DJ Trophy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Trophy DJ, Ho JT. Value of free cortisol measurement in systemic infection. Horm Metab Res. 2007;39:439\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-980200.","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"332_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.09.011","volume":"31","author":"M Oropeza-Moe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oropeza-Moe M, Wisl\u00f8ff H, Bernhoft A. Selenium deficiency associated porcine and human cardiomyopathies. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2015;31:148\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.09.011.","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"332_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102209","volume":"18","author":"B Hosnedlova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hosnedlova B, Kepinska M, Skalickova S, Fernandez C, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Malevu TD. A summary of new findings on the biological effects of selenium in selected animal species a critical reviint. J Mol Sci. 2017;18(10):2209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18102209.","journal-title":"J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"332_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa333","volume":"151","author":"RA Sunde","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sunde RA. Gene set enrichment analysis of selenium-deficient and high selenium rat liver transcript expression and comparison with Turkey liver expression. J Nutr. 2021;151(4):772\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/nxaa333.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"332_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20090219","volume":"422","author":"FP Bellinger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bellinger FP, Raman AV, Reeves MA, Berry MJ. Regulation and function of selenoproteins in human disease. Biochem J. 2009;422(1):11\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BJ20090219.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"9","key":"332_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091203","volume":"10","author":"J Avery","year":"2018","unstructured":"Avery J, Hoffmann P. Selenium, selenoproteins, and immunity. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1203.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"332_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.020","volume":"238","author":"TS Dalgaard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dalgaard TS, Briens M, Engberg RM, Lauridsen C. The influence of selenium and selenoproteins on immune responses of poultry and pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2018;238:73\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.020.","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"332_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2019.1572102","volume":"48","author":"H Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang H, Jiao X, Xu Y, Han Q, Jiao W, Liu Y. Dietary selenium supplementation alleviates immune toxicity in the hearts of chickens with lead-added drinking water. Avian Pathol. 2019;48(3):230\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03079457.2019.1572102.","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"332_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.5.1463S","volume":"133","author":"MA Beck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beck MA, Levander OA, Handy J. Oxidative stress mediated by trace elements: selenium deficiency and viral infection 1. J Nutr. 2003;133:1463\u20137.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"332_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2008.02.002","volume":"22","author":"Q Pan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pan Q, Huang K, He K, Lu F. Effect of different selenium sources and levels on porcine circovirus type 2 replication in vitro. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2008;22(2):143\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtemb.2008.02.002.","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"issue":"18","key":"332_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13182957","volume":"13","author":"Y Song","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song Y, Wang H, Sun R, Chang J, Tang J, Bai Y, et al. Serum metabolic characterization of vitamin E deficiency in\u00a0Holstein\u00a0cows during the transition period based on proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Animals. 2023;13(18):2957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13182957.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"5","key":"332_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.5.1338","volume":"137","author":"MA Beck","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beck MA. <article-title update=\"added\">Selenium and vitamin E status: impact on viral pathogenicity. J Nutr. 2007;137(5):1338\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/137.5.1338.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"332_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.041","volume":"180","author":"KA Fitzgerald","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fitzgerald KA, Kagan JC. Toll-like receptors and the control of immunity. Cell. 2020;180:1044\u201366.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"332_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2004.09.006","volume":"20","author":"BM Magnadottir","year":"2006","unstructured":"Magnadottir BM. Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2006;20:137\u201351.","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"332_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2007.06.005","volume":"23","author":"SK Whyte","year":"2007","unstructured":"Whyte SK. The innate immune response of finfish\u2014a review of current knowledge. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2007;23:1127\u201351.","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"332_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2549","volume":"14","author":"JO Sunyer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sunyer JO. Fishing for mammalian paradigms in the teleost immune system. Nat Immunol. 2013;14:320\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"332_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.293","volume":"161","author":"BR Sahoo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sahoo BR. Structure of fish Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD-like receptors (NLR). Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;161:1602\u201317.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"332_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gryczan TJ. Etymologia: cytokines. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(7):1227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2407.et2407.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2407.et2407"},{"key":"332_CR72","unstructured":"Walker PJ, Blasdell KR, Joubert DA. Ephemeroviruses: arthropod-borne rhabdoviruses of ruminants, with large and complex genomes. In Dietzgen RG, Kuzman IV (ed), Rhabdoviruses: molecular taxonomy, evolution, genomics, ecology, cytopathology and control. Norwich, CT: Horizon Scientific Press; 2012."}],"container-title":["Irish Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13620-026-00332-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13620-026-00332-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13620-026-00332-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T04:02:00Z","timestamp":1772683320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13620-026-00332-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13620-026-00332-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-0481"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-0481","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18"}}