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Raw milk contaminated with\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    has been identified as a potential infectious source for humans. This cross-sectional study investigated the occurrence of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in raw milk from domestic ruminants and in the serum pregnant women in Aswan, Upper Egypt. A total of 250 milk samples collected from various lactating domestic ruminants and 90 serum samples from pregnant women were examined using ELISA (IgG and IgM) and PCR. Overall, 31.2% of milk samples were seropositive, and 21.6% were PCR-positive.\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    antibodies were found in 34% of cows, 18% of buffaloes, 38% of ewes, 52% of does, and 14% of she-camels by ELISA, while\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA was identified in 22% of cows, 8% of buffaloes, 28% of ewes, 42% of does, and 8% of she-camels by PCR. The serum of pregnant women showed that 26.7% were seropositive, and 21.1% had\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA by PCR. In conclusion, these results demonstrate widespread circulation of\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the study area and highlight raw milk as a potential transmission route. Public health awareness and strict milk pasteurization practices are essential to reduce infection risk, particularly among pregnant women.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-026-00338-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T03:37:58Z","timestamp":1775792278000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii in raw milk of domestic ruminants and human sera: a seromolecular study from Upper Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Nady Kh.","family":"Elbarbary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Gareh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basma","family":"Gamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa O. Abd","family":"El-Halim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed F.","family":"Ragab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Fotouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwa A.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasser M.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"338_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14213122","volume":"14","author":"RM Fereig","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fereig RM, El-Alfy ES, Alharbi AS, Abdelraheem MZ, Almuzaini AM, Omar MA, Kandil OM, Frey CF. 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Parasite. 2020;27:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2019080.","journal-title":"Parasite"}],"container-title":["Irish Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13620-026-00338-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13620-026-00338-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13620-026-00338-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:44:07Z","timestamp":1781646247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13620-026-00338-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13620-026-00338-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-0481"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-0481","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The current research was reviewed and accepted by the Aswan University Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee (approval number ASWU\/VM 24-09- 2024). For human samples, the IRB committee is registered by the Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University (SCCREIRB-MEDICIASSIUT-GU-001-270525-067; approval number 04-2025- 300709). The study was conducted in accordance with good clinical practice and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Animal samples were collected after the owners agreed to participate in the study, and human samples were collected after getting verbal and written consent for participation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"22"}}