{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:51:19Z","timestamp":1792086679425,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":87,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ir Vet J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Splenic tumours are rare in horses, with limited published literature consisting primarily of individual case reports and one hepato-splenic lymphoma case series. This case series analyses the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings and clinical outcomes of four cases of splenic neoplasia that presented to a university referral hospital over a three year period (2022\u20132025).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case descriptions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Presented are two cases of primary splenic lymphoma, and two cases of metastatic melanoma. Three cases (75%) presented with chronic, non-specific clinical signs including weight loss, colic and ventral oedema. One case (25%) presented acutely due to hypovolaemia secondary to splenic rupture. In all cases, splenic masses were identified on transabdominal ultrasonographic examination and definitive diagnosis was confirmed by post mortem histopathological examination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Equine splenic neoplasia typically presents with chronic non-specific clinical signs, similar to human splenic mass presentation, although acute presentation may occur following splenic rupture. The most common primary splenic tumour identified was lymphoma while melanoma was the predominant metastatic disease. Transabdominal ultrasonography was reliable for identifying splenic masses, although histopathological examination remains essential for definitive diagnosis. Whilst rare, clinicians could consider splenic neoplasia as a differential diagnosis of horses presenting with chronic weight loss and non-specific abdominal signs. The extent of splenic neoplasia and visceral metastasis is often underappreciated on ante-mortem investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-026-00353-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:27:29Z","timestamp":1784561249000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical and pathologic findings of splenic tumours in four horses: a case series"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Gilders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivienne","family":"Duggan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1981.50.4.864","volume":"50","author":"DP Thomas","year":"1981","unstructured":"Thomas DP, Fregin GF. Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to treadmill exercise in the horse. J Appl Physiol. 1981;50(4):864\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jappl.1981.50.4.864. PubMed PMID: 7263369.","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"353_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1986.189.05.557","volume":"189","author":"S Spier","year":"1986","unstructured":"Spier S, Carlson GP, Nyland TG, Snyder JR, Fischer PE. Splenic hematoma and abscess as a cause of chronic weight loss in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1986;189(5):557\u20139 PubMed PMID: 3531125.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"353_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.201.05.743","volume":"1","author":"K Chaffin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chaffin K, Schmitz D, Brumbaugh G, Hall G. Ultrasonographic characteristics of splenic and hepatic lymphosarcoma in three horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1992;1(5):743\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2007.tb00542.x","volume":"19","author":"EJ Alsop","year":"2007","unstructured":"Alsop EJ, Marr C, Barrelet AB, McGladdery AJ. The use of transabdominal ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of splenic lesions in three horses. Equine Vet Educ. 2007;19(1):5\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2007.tb00542.x.","journal-title":"Equine Vet Educ"},{"key":"353_CR5","unstructured":"Sprayberry KA, Robinson NE, editors. Robinson's current therapy in equine medicine. 7th ed. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier Saunders; 2014."},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2000.tb01508.x","volume":"14","author":"LL Southwood","year":"2000","unstructured":"Southwood LL, Ii HCS, Henry CJ, Kennedy FA, Hines MT, Geor RJ, et al. Disseminated Hemangiosarcoma in the Horse: 35 Cases. J Vet Intern Med. 2000;14(1):105\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2000.tb01508.x.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb01264.x","volume":"16","author":"KC MacGillivray","year":"2002","unstructured":"MacGillivray KC, Sweeney RW, Piero FD. Metastatic Melanoma in Horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2002;16(4):452\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2002.tb01264.x.","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"353_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2011.00250.x","volume":"23","author":"MS Madron","year":"2011","unstructured":"Madron MS, Caston SS, Reinertson EL, Tracey AK, Hostetter JM. Diagnosis and treatment of a primary splenic lymphoma in a mule. Equine Vet Educ. 2011;23(12):606\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2011.00250.x.","journal-title":"Equine Vet Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"353_CR9","first-page":"129","volume":"14","author":"JL Neufeld","year":"1973","unstructured":"Neufeld JL. Lymphosarcoma in the horse: a review. Can Vet J. 1973;14(6):129\u201335 PubMed PMID: 4576098; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1696137.","journal-title":"Can Vet J."},{"key":"353_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1086010","volume":"9","author":"FM Wensley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wensley FM, Berryhill EH, Magdesian KG. Association of globulin concentrations with prognosis in horses with lymphoma. Front Vet Sci. 2023;9:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.1086010.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"353_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4266-9.00028-3","volume-title":"Clinical equine oncology","author":"DC Knottenbelt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Knottenbelt DC, Patterson-Kane JC, Snalune KL. 28 - tumours of the alimentary tract and abdominal cavity. In: Knottenbelt DC, Patterson-Kane JC, Snalune KL, editors. Clinical equine oncology. Elsevier; 2015. p. 429\u201379. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4266-9.00028-3https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780702042669000283.\u00a0Cited 2025 Jul 29."},{"issue":"3","key":"353_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.07.008","volume":"40","author":"AR Hollis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hollis AR. Equine Melanoma Updates. Vet Clin Equine Pract. 2024;40(3):431\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cveq.2024.07.008. PubMed PMID: 39266414.","journal-title":"Vet Clin Equine Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12574","volume":"18","author":"O Davies","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davies O, Taylor AJ. Refining the \u201cdouble two-thirds\u201d rule: Genotype-based breed grouping and clinical presentation help predict the diagnosis of canine splenic mass lesions in 288 dogs. Vet Comp Oncol. 2020;18(4):548\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vco.12574.","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.5858\/2000-124-0526-MTTTS","volume":"124","author":"KY Lam","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lam KY, Tang V. Metastatic tumors to the spleen: a 25-year clinicopathologic study. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124(4):526\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/2000-124-0526-MTTTS. PubMed PMID: 10747308.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2010.0026","volume":"10","author":"RK Kaza","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaza RK, Azar S, Al-Hawary MM, Francis IR. Primary and secondary neoplasms of the spleen. Cancer Imaging. 2010;10(1):173\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1102\/1470-7330.2010.0026. PubMedPMID:20713317;PubMedCentralPMCID:PMC2943678.","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"353_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.5858\/2007-131-965-SMCPDD","volume":"131","author":"E Comp\u00e9rat","year":"2007","unstructured":"Comp\u00e9rat E, Bardier-Dupas A, Camparo P, Capron F, Charlotte F. Splenic metastases: clinicopathologic presentation, differential diagnosis, and pathogenesis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007;131(6):965\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5858\/2007-131-965-SMCPDD.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.x","volume":"15","author":"DR Henneke","year":"1983","unstructured":"Henneke DR, Potter GD, Kreider JL, Yeates BF. Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares. Equine Vet J. 1983;15(4):371\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.x.","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"353_CR18","unstructured":"AAEP. AAEP Competitions Guideline. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/aaep.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/AAEPCompetitionGuidelinesforVeterinarians2020.pdf. Cited 2026 Jun 10."},{"issue":"6","key":"353_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.43-6-914","volume":"43","author":"J Meyer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Meyer J, DeLay J, Bienzle D. Clinical, laboratory, and histopathologic features of equine lymphoma. Vet Pathol. 2006;43(6):914\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1354\/vp.43-6-914.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"353_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(33)80025-7","volume":"46","author":"J Mcfadyean","year":"1933","unstructured":"Mcfadyean J. Equine melanomatosis. J Comp Pathol. 1933;46:186-IN8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0368-1742(33)80025-7.","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"353_CR21","first-page":"17","volume":"3","author":"H Kline","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kline H, Forman J. Heart and spleen weights as a function of breed and somatotype. Equine Exerc Physiol. 1991;3:17\u201321.","journal-title":"Equine Exerc Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2007.tb00543.x","volume":"19","author":"CA Ragle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ragle CA, Mair TS. Evaluating the equine spleen. Equine Vet Educ. 2007;19(1):11\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2007.tb00543.x.","journal-title":"Equine Vet Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985812451603","volume":"50","author":"AC Durham","year":"2013","unstructured":"Durham AC, Pillitteri CA, San Myint M, Valli VE. Two hundred three cases of equine lymphoma classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification criteria. Vet Pathol. 2013;50(1):86\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300985812451603. PubMed PMID: 22700849.","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"353_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02152.x","volume":"21","author":"CM Marr","year":"1989","unstructured":"Marr CM, Love S, Pirie HM. Clinical, ultrasonographic and pathological findings in a horse with splenic lymphosarcoma and pseudohyperparathyroidism. Equine Vet J. 1989;21(3):221\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02152.x. PubMed PMID: 2659317.","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"4","key":"353_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_292_24","volume":"28","author":"S Makarla","year":"2024","unstructured":"Makarla S, Bavle RM, Topajiche S. Mitosis - predicting primary tumour and metastatic lymph node behaviour and beyond in OSCC - A pilot study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol JOMFP. 2024;28(4):602\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jomfp.jomfp_292_24. PubMedPMID:39949704;PubMedCentralPMCID:PMC11819642.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol JOMFP"},{"issue":"12","key":"353_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0314737","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314737","volume":"19","author":"B Ziogaite","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ziogaite B, Contreras ET, Horgan JE. Incidence of splenic malignancy and hemangiosarcoma in dogs undergoing splenectomy surgery at a surgical specialty clinic: 182 cases (2017\u20132021). PLoS ONE. 2024;19(12):e0314737. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314737. PubMedPMID:39625875;PubMedCentralPMCID:PMC11614263.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"10","key":"353_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199310000-00001","volume":"17","author":"S Falk","year":"1993","unstructured":"Falk S, Krishnan J, Meis JM. Primary angiosarcoma of the spleen: a clinicopathologic study of 40 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1993;17(10):959\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000478-199310000-00001.","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"353_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v4.i12.385","volume":"4","author":"SB Ingle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ingle SB, Hinge (Ingle) CR. Primary splenic lymphoma: current diagnostic trends. World J Clin Cases. 2016;4(12):385\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/wjcc.v4.i12.385. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5156875.","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"issue":"2","key":"353_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13020247","volume":"13","author":"J Pimenta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pimenta J, Prada J, Cotovio M. Equine melanocytic tumors: a narrative review. Animals. 2023;13(2):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13020247.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"1","key":"353_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.09.033","volume":"78","author":"AM Peters","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peters AM. Why the spleen is a very rare site for metastases from epithelial cancers. Med Hypotheses. 2012;78(1):26\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.09.033.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"}],"container-title":["Irish Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13620-026-00353-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13620-026-00353-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13620-026-00353-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:34:17Z","timestamp":1792085657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13620-026-00353-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13620-026-00353-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-0481"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-0481","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable. Owner consent for use of images and case material obtained in hospital consent form.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"40"}}