{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T07:01:06Z","timestamp":1788850866846,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539302400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010414","name":"Health Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201651.12553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201651.12553"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Syst Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-018-0830-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]],"date-time":"2018-10-11T18:24:24Z","timestamp":1539282264000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A comprehensive regional neurochemical theory in depression: a protocol for the systematic review and meta-analysis of 1H-MRS studies in major depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Drago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick W","family":"O\u2019Regan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Welaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane","family":"Rooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aoife","family":"O\u2019Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marissa","family":"Malkit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirk J","family":"Levins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"O\u2019Hanlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"O\u2019Keane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7070-5469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren William","family":"Roddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"830_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2015-0010","volume":"26","author":"MH Buonocore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Buonocore MH, Maddock RJ. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain: a review of physical principles and technical methods. Rev Neurosci. 2015;26:609\u201332.","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"830_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00249-009-0517-y","volume":"39","author":"M van der Graaf","year":"2010","unstructured":"van der Graaf M. In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy: basic methodology and clinical applications. Eur Biophys J. 2010;39:527\u201340.","journal-title":"Eur Biophys J"},{"key":"830_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-013-9251-2","volume":"8","author":"B Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou B, Yuan F, He Z, Tan C. Application of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy on substantia nigra metabolites in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Brain Imaging Behav. 2014;8:97\u2013101.","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"830_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46s","DOI":"10.1177\/1051228405284200","volume":"15","author":"PA Narayana","year":"2005","unstructured":"Narayana PA. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the monitoring of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimaging. 2005;15:46s\u201357s.","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"830_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voets NL, Hodgetts CJ, Sen A, Adcock JE, Emir U. Hippocampal MRS and subfield volumetry at 7T detects dysfunction not specific to seizure focus. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):16138.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16046-5"},{"key":"830_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.10.005","volume":"6","author":"A Marsman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marsman A, Mandl RC, Klomp DW, Bohlken MM, Boer VO, Andreychenko A, Cahn W, Kahn RS, Luijten PR, Hulshoff Pol HE. GABA and glutamate in schizophrenia: a 7 T (1)H-MRS study. Neuroimage Clin. 2014;6:398\u2013407.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"830_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-017-0013-9","volume":"3","author":"B Birur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Birur B, Kraguljac NV, Shelton RC, Lahti AC. Brain structure, function, and neurochemistry in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder\u2014a systematic review of the magnetic resonance neuroimaging literature. NPJ Schizophr. 2017;3:15.","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophr"},{"key":"830_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.04.010","volume":"235","author":"MI Atagun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Atagun MI, Sikoglu EM, Can SS, Ugurlu GK, Kaymak SU, Caykoylu A, Algin O, Phillips ML, Moore CM, Ongur D. Neurochemical differences between bipolar disorder type I and II in superior temporal cortices: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J Affect Disord. 2018;235:15\u20139.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"830_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2012.01033.x","volume":"14","author":"AD Gigante","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gigante AD, Bond DJ, Lafer B, Lam RW, Young LT, Yatham LN. Brain glutamate levels measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. Bipolar Disord. 2012;14:478\u201387.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"830_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.02.009","volume":"52","author":"J Naaijen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Naaijen J, Lythgoe DJ, Amiri H, Buitelaar JK, Glennon JC. Fronto-striatal glutamatergic compounds in compulsive and impulsive syndromes: a review of magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;52:74\u201388.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"830_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796017000361","volume":"26","author":"G Delvecchio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Delvecchio G, Stanley JA, Altamura AC, Brambilla P. Metabolic alterations in generalised anxiety disorder: a review of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2017;26:587\u201395.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"830_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388:1545\u20131602.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6"},{"key":"830_CR13","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1994."},{"key":"830_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.113.504.1237","volume":"113","author":"A Coppen","year":"1967","unstructured":"Coppen A. The biochemistry of affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 1967;113:1237\u201364.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"830_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.01.027","volume":"81","author":"J Flint","year":"2014","unstructured":"Flint J, Kendler KS. The genetics of major depression. Neuron. 2014;81:484\u2013503.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"830_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.03.009","volume":"37","author":"V O'Keane","year":"2012","unstructured":"O'Keane V, Frodl T, Dinan TG. A review of atypical depression in relation to the course of depression and changes in HPA axis organization. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37:1589\u201399.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"830_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000712","volume":"5","author":"BL Jacobs","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jacobs BL, van Praag H, Gage FH. Adult brain neurogenesis and psychiatry: a novel theory of depression. Mol Psychiatry. 2000;5:262\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"830_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12698","volume":"135","author":"CA Kohler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kohler CA, Freitas TH, Maes M, de Andrade NQ, Liu CS, Fernandes BS, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Veronese N, Herrmann N, et al. Peripheral cytokine and chemokine alterations in depression: a meta-analysis of 82 studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017;135:373\u201387.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"830_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.7.1112","volume":"159","author":"T Frodl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frodl T, Meisenzahl EM, Zetzsche T, Born C, Groll C, Jager M, Leinsinger G, Bottlender R, Hahn K, Moller HJ. Hippocampal changes in patients with a first episode of major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1112\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"830_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711001668","volume":"42","author":"E Bora","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bora E, Harrison BJ, Davey CG, Yucel M, Pantelis C. Meta-analysis of volumetric abnormalities in cortico-striatal-pallidal-thalamic circuits in major depressive disorder. Psychol Med. 2012;42:671\u201381.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"830_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.10.029","volume":"208","author":"L Tozzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tozzi L, Doolin K, Farrel C, Joseph S, O'Keane V, Frodl T. Functional magnetic resonance imaging correlates of emotion recognition and voluntary attentional regulation in depression: a generalized psycho-physiological interaction study. J Affect Disord. 2017;208:535\u201344.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"830_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4246","volume":"23","author":"AT Drysdale","year":"2017","unstructured":"Drysdale AT, Grosenick L, Downar J, Dunlop K, Mansouri F, Meng Y, Fetcho RN, Zebley B, Oathes DJ, Etkin A, et al. Resting-state connectivity biomarkers define neurophysiological subtypes of depression. Nat Med. 2017;23:28\u201338.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"830_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2005.12.004","volume":"147","author":"A Yildiz-Yesiloglu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yildiz-Yesiloglu A, Ankerst DP. Review of 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2006;147:1\u201325.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"830_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.05.014","volume":"36","author":"JJ Luykx","year":"2012","unstructured":"Luykx JJ, Laban KG, van den Heuvel MP, Boks MP, Mandl RC, Kahn RS, Bakker SC. Region and state specific glutamate downregulation in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of (1)H-MRS findings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2012;36:198\u2013205.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"830_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2015.04.016","volume":"25","author":"D Arnone","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arnone D, Mumuni AN, Jauhar S, Condon B, Cavanagh J. Indirect evidence of selective glial involvement in glutamate-based mechanisms of mood regulation in depression: meta-analysis of absolute prefrontal neuro-metabolic concentrations. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25:1109\u201317.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"830_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23244","volume":"37","author":"RR Schur","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schur RR, Draisma LW, Wijnen JP, Boks MP, Koevoets MG, Joels M, Klomp DW, Kahn RS, Vinkers CH. Brain GABA levels across psychiatric disorders: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of (1) H-MRS studies. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37:3337\u201352.","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"830_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.120","volume":"16","author":"B Luscher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Luscher B, Shen Q, Sahir N. The GABAergic deficit hypothesis of major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2011;16:383\u2013406.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"830_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2017.11.009","volume":"271","author":"CA Riley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Riley CA, Renshaw PF. Brain choline in major depression: a review of the literature. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 2018;271:142\u201353.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging"},{"key":"830_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0489-7","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Han Y, Wang Y, Li L, Jin E, Deng L, Watts B, Golden T, Wu N. A MRS study of metabolic alterations in the frontal white matter of major depressive disorder patients with the treatment of SSRIs. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:99.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"830_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881107081510","volume":"22","author":"M Taylor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Taylor M, Murphy SE, Selvaraj S, Wylezinkska M, Jezzard P, Cowen PJ, Evans J. Differential effects of citalopram and reboxetine on cortical Glx measured with proton MR spectroscopy. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22:473\u20136.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"830_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12462","volume":"133","author":"A Jorgensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jorgensen A, Magnusson P, Hanson LG, Kirkegaard T, Benveniste H, Lee H, Svarer C, Mikkelsen JD, Fink-Jensen A, Knudsen GM, et al. Regional brain volumes, diffusivity, and metabolite changes after electroconvulsive therapy for severe depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2016;133:154\u201364.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"830_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.05.012","volume":"80","author":"S Njau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Njau S, Joshi SH, Leaver AM, Vasavada M, Van Fleet J, Espinoza R, Narr KL. Variations in myo-inositol in fronto-limbic regions and clinical response to electroconvulsive therapy in major depression. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;80:45\u201351.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"830_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E37","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.150223","volume":"41","author":"MJ Dubin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dubin MJ, Mao X, Banerjee S, Goodman Z, Lapidus KA, Kang G, Liston C, Shungu DC. Elevated prefrontal cortex GABA in patients with major depressive disorder after TMS treatment measured with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2016;41:E37\u201345.","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"830_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000094","volume":"30","author":"XR Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang XR, Kirton A, Wilkes TC, Pradhan S, Liu I, Jaworska N, Damji O, Keess J, Langevin LM, Rajapakse T, et al. Glutamate alterations associated with transcranial magnetic stimulation in youth depression: a case series. J Ect. 2014;30:242\u20137.","journal-title":"J Ect"},{"key":"830_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711001593","volume":"15","author":"G Salvadore","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salvadore G, van der Veen JW, Zhang Y, Marenco S, Machado-Vieira R, Baumann J, Ibrahim LA, Luckenbaugh DA, Shen J, Drevets WC, Zarate CA Jr. An investigation of amino-acid neurotransmitters as potential predictors of clinical improvement to ketamine in depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;15:1063\u201372.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"830_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.10.009","volume":"191","author":"GW Valentine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Valentine GW, Mason GF, Gomez R, Fasula M, Watzl J, Pittman B, Krystal JH, Sanacora G. The antidepressant effect of ketamine is not associated with changes in occipital amino acid neurotransmitter content as measured by [(1)H]-MRS. Psychiatry Res. 2011;191:122\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"830_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20679","volume":"54","author":"N Maril","year":"2005","unstructured":"Maril N, Collins CM, Greenman RL, Lenkinski RE. Strategies for shimming the breast. Magn Reson Med. 2005;54:1139\u201345.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"830_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1213","volume":"46","author":"I Tkac","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tkac I, Andersen P, Adriany G, Merkle H, Ugurbil K, Gruetter R. In vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy of the human brain at 7 T. Magn Reson Med. 2001;46:451\u20136.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"830_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21043","volume":"56","author":"V Mlynarik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mlynarik V, Gambarota G, Frenkel H, Gruetter R. Localized short-echo-time proton MR spectroscopy with full signal-intensity acquisition. Magn Reson Med. 2006;56:965\u201370.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"830_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21302","volume":"59","author":"TW Scheenen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scheenen TW, Klomp DW, Wijnen JP, Heerschap A. Short echo time 1H-MRSI of the human brain at 3T with minimal chemical shift displacement errors using adiabatic refocusing pulses. Magn Reson Med. 2008;59:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"830_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","volume":"23","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23:56\u201362.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"830_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","volume":"7","author":"R DerSimonian","year":"1986","unstructured":"DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7:177\u201388.","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"830_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"349","author":"P Sedgwick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sedgwick P. Multiple hypothesis testing and Bonferroni\u2019s correction. BMJ. 2014;349:1\u20133.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"4","key":"830_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2010.00746.x","volume":"72","author":"Yoav Benjamini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Benjamini Y. Discovering the false discovery rate. J R Stat Soc. 2010;72:405\u201316.","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology)"},{"key":"830_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327:557\u201360.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"830_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/1359-0189(90)90036-W","volume":"17","author":"RF Galbraith","year":"1990","unstructured":"Galbraith RF. The radial plot: graphical assessment of spread in ages. International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation Part D Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements. 1990;17:207\u201314.","journal-title":"International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation Part D Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements"},{"key":"830_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90201-Y","volume":"337","author":"PJ Easterbrook","year":"1991","unstructured":"Easterbrook PJ, Gopalan R, Berlin JA, Matthews DR. Publication bias in clinical research. Lancet. 1991;337:867\u201372.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"830_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25491","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025491","volume":"6","author":"K Thorlund","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thorlund K, Imberger G, Walsh M, Chu R, Gluud C, Wetterslev J, Guyatt G, Devereaux PJ, Thabane L. The number of patients and events required to limit the risk of overestimation of intervention effects in meta-analysis--a simulation study. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25491.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"830_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315:629\u201334.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"830_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7300.1479","volume":"322","author":"S Lewis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lewis S, Clarke M. Forest plots: trying to see the wood and the trees. BMJ. 2001;322:1479\u201380.","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-018-0830-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13643-018-0830-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-018-0830-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T19:19:55Z","timestamp":1570821595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13643-018-0830-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-018-0830-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-4053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-4053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 April 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"158"}}