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Two reviewers independently screened titles\/abstracts and full-text articles, and a single reviewer with an independent verifier completed charting, data abstraction, and quality appraisal.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 64 systematic reviews (35 with meta-analysis) were included after screening 5024 titles and abstracts and 525 full-text articles. Eight of the included reviews were rated as high quality using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR2) tool, and over half of the included articles (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200940) were rated as low or critically low quality. Consistent evidence of effectiveness across multiple outcomes based on more than one high- or moderate quality review with meta-analysis was found for zolpidem, suvorexant, doxepin, melatonin, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and evidence of effectiveness across multiple outcomes based on one high-quality review with meta-analysis was found for temazepam, triazolam, zopiclone, trazodone, and behavioral interventions. These interventions were mostly evaluated in the short term (<jats:underline>&lt;<\/jats:underline>\u200916\u00a0weeks), and there was very little harms data available for the pharmacological interventions making it difficult to evaluate their risk-benefit ratio.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Assuming non-pharmacological interventions are preferable from a safety perspective CBT can be considered an effective first-line therapy for adults with insomnia followed by other behavioral interventions. Short courses of pharmacological interventions can be supplements to CBT or behavioral therapy; however, no evidence regarding the appropriate duration of pharmacological therapy is available from these reviews.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PROSPERO CRD42017072527.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1163-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T09:02:23Z","timestamp":1573808543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Comparative effectiveness and safety of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for insomnia: an overview of reviews"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Rios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deanna","family":"Morra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Nincic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Goodarzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bechara","family":"Farah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharada","family":"Harricharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles M.","family":"Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Leech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon E.","family":"Straus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Tricco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"1163_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371105600905","volume":"56","author":"CM Morin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morin CM, LeBlanc M, Belanger L, Ivers H, Merette C, Savard J. 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