{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T01:26:47Z","timestamp":1778808407406,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PCS \u2013 168193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCS \u2013 168193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Syst Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sexual orientation and gender identity and expression change efforts (SOGIECE) are a set of scientifically discredited practices that aim to deny and suppress the sexual orientations, gender identities, and\/or gender expressions of sexual and gender minorities (SGM). SOGIECE are associated with significant adverse health and social outcomes. SOGIECE continue to be practiced around the world, despite denouncements from professional bodies and survivors, as well as calls for legislative advocacy to prohibit SOGIECE and protect SGM. There are substantial gaps in the availability of consolidated international research to support and refine legislative proposals related to SOGIECE, including those currently underway to enforce bans in Canada and elsewhere.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>We therefore propose the first systematic review of international data on SOGIECE that will outline the scope and nature of these practices worldwide. Specifically, we aim to estimate how many SGM have been exposed to SOGIECE, which sub-groups of SGM experience higher rates of SOGIECE, and how estimates of SOGIECE vary over time and place. In addition, we aim to describe when, where, how, and under what circumstances SGM are exposed to SOGIECE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To locate an interdisciplinary swath of papers, nine (9) bibliographic databases will be searched: Medline (OVID), Embase (OVID), PsycInfo and Social Work Abstracts via EBSCO, CINAHL,\u00a0Web of Science Core Collection, LGBTQ+ Source, and Proquest Dissertations &amp; Theses Global and Sociology Collection (ProQuest). A gold standard search will be developed for Medline and adapted to the other databases. Grey literature will be searched at relevant websites, and reference harvesting will be performed in relevant SOGIECE scientific consensus statements. Two authors will independently screen abstracts\/titles, screen full texts, abstract data, and apply risk of bias assessments. A narrative synthesis will be implemented to summarize findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review will address the gap in synthesized data regarding the prevalence of SOGIECE, social correlates of SOGIECE, variations of SOGIECE over time and place, and the circumstances, settings, and time-points of SOGIECE exposure. Findings from this review will directly inform ongoing and new legislative efforts to ban SOGIECE and other interventions that aim to stem SOGIECE practices and support SOGIECE survivors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Registration with\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?RecordID=196393\">PROSPERO<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      can be found under the registration number:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?RecordID=196393\">CRD42020196393<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01563-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T14:04:52Z","timestamp":1610114692000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The scope and nature of sexual orientation and gender identity and expression change efforts: a systematic review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7812-0027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Kinitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Travis","family":"Salway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Dromer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Giustini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Ashley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Goodyear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Ferlatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Kia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Abramovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1563_CR1","unstructured":"Conversion Therapy and SOGIECE. 2020; Available at: https:\/\/www.cbrc.net\/conversion_therapy_sogiece. Accessed 23 May 2020."},{"key":"1563_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salway T, Ferlatte O, Gesink D, Lachowsky NJ. Prevalence of exposure to sexual orientation change efforts and associated sociodemographic characteristics and psychosocial health outcomes among Canadian sexual minority men. Can J Psychiatry. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0706743720902629.","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743720902629"},{"issue":"9","key":"1563_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2014.926763","volume":"61","author":"A Flentje","year":"2014","unstructured":"Flentje A, Heck NC, Cochran BN. Experiences of ex-ex-gay individuals in sexual reorientation therapy: reasons for seeking treatment, perceived helpfulness and harmfulness of treatment, and post-treatment identification. J Homosex. 2014;61(9):1242\u201368.","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"key":"1563_CR4","volume-title":"Conversion therapy and LGBT youth","author":"C Mallory","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mallory C, Brown TN, Conron KJ. Conversion therapy and LGBT youth. Los Angeles: Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law; 2018."},{"key":"1563_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"SP Meanley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meanley SP, Stall RD, Dakwar O, Egan JE, Friedman MR, Haberlen SA, et al. Characterizing experiences of conversion therapy among middle-aged and older men who have sex with men from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Sex Res Soc Policy. 2019;17:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Sex Res Soc Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1563_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.2285","volume":"77","author":"JL Turban","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turban JL, Beckwith N, Reisner SL, Keuroghlian AS. Association between recalled exposure to gender identity conversion efforts and psychological distress and suicide attempts among transgender adults. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;77(1):68\u201376.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"1563_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305237","volume":"109","author":"JL Turban","year":"2019","unstructured":"Turban JL, King D, Reisner SL, Keuroghlian AS. Psychological attempts to change a person\u2019s gender identity from transgender to cisgender: estimated prevalence across US States, 2015. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(10):1452\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"10042","key":"1563_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00682-6","volume":"388","author":"K Wylie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wylie K, Knudson G, Khan SI, Bonierbale M, Watanyusakul S, Baral S. Serving transgender people: clinical care considerations and service delivery models in transgender health. Lancet. 2016;388(10042):401\u201311.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"1563_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.180954","volume":"191","author":"JSH Lam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lam JSH, Abramovich A. Transgender-inclusive care. CMAJ. 2019;191(3):E79.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"1563_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/15532739.2017.1323069","volume":"18","author":"AI Scheim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scheim AI, Zong X, Giblon R, Bauer GR. Disparities in access to family physicians among transgender people in Ontario, Canada. Int J Transgenderism. 2017;18(3):343\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Transgenderism"},{"key":"1563_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3398402","volume-title":"Model law\u2013prohibiting reparative practices","author":"F Ashley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ashley F. Model law\u2013prohibiting reparative practices. Available at SSRN 3398402 2019."},{"key":"1563_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Venn-Brown A. Sexual orientation change efforts within religious contexts: a personal account of the battle to heal homosexuals. Sensoria A Journal of Mind Brain and Culture. 2015;11(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7790\/sa.v11i1.417.","DOI":"10.7790\/sa.v11i1.417"},{"key":"1563_CR13","volume-title":"QuickStat #1 \u2013 conversion therapy","author":"The Trans PULSE Canada Team","year":"2019","unstructured":"The Trans PULSE Canada Team. QuickStat #1 \u2013 conversion therapy. 2019; Available at: https:\/\/transpulsecanada.ca\/research-type\/quickstats\/. Accessed 23 May 2020."},{"key":"1563_CR14","volume-title":"\u201cCures\u201d for an illness that does not exist: purported therapies aimed at changing sexual orientation lack medical justification and are ethically unacceptable","author":"Pan American Health Organization","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office of World Health Organization. \u201cCures\u201d for an illness that does not exist: purported therapies aimed at changing sexual orientation lack medical justification and are ethically unacceptable. 2012."},{"key":"1563_CR15","volume-title":"#DiscoSexology Part V: an interview with Zucker\u2019s patient","author":"C Williams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Williams C. #DiscoSexology Part V: an interview with Zucker\u2019s patient; 2017."},{"key":"1563_CR16","unstructured":"Butterworth B. Malta just became the first country in Europe to ban \u2018gay cure\u2019 therapy. London: Pink News; 2016."},{"key":"1563_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byne W. No title. Regulations restrict practice of conversion therapy 2016.","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2016.0015"},{"key":"1563_CR18","unstructured":"Canadian Psychological Association. No title. CPA policy statement on conversion\/reparative therapy for sexual orientation 2015."},{"key":"1563_CR19","volume-title":"Position statement on issues related to homosexuality","author":"D Scasta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scasta D, Bialer P, American Psychiatric Association. Position statement on issues related to homosexuality. Arlington County: American Psychiatric Association. Available online: https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/psychiatrists\/search-directories-databases\/policy-finder (Accessed 25 Oct 2016); 2013."},{"key":"1563_CR20","volume-title":"Affirming sexual orientation and gender identity act, 2015","author":"E Muse","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muse E. Affirming sexual orientation and gender identity act, 2015; 2015."},{"key":"1563_CR21","unstructured":"Poisson J. \u201cConversion therapy\u201d survivor shares his story. CBC Radio, Toronto, ON, Canada. 2019. https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/radio\/frontburner\/conversion-therapy-survivor-shares-his-story-1.5207493."},{"key":"1563_CR22","volume-title":"Ending conversion therapy in Canada: survivors, community leaders, researchers, and allies address the current and future states of sexual orientation and gender identity and expression change efforts","author":"T Salway","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salway T. Ending conversion therapy in Canada: survivors, community leaders, researchers, and allies address the current and future states of sexual orientation and gender identity and expression change efforts; 2020."},{"key":"1563_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan C, Toomey R, Diaz R, Russell S. Parent-initiated sexual orientation change efforts with LGBT adolescents: implications for young adult mental health and adjustment. J Homosex. 2020;67(2).","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2018.1538407"},{"issue":"1","key":"1563_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","volume":"4","author":"D Moher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"1563_CR25","unstructured":"Murchison G, Adkins D, Conard LA, Ehrensaft D, Elliott T, Hawkins LA. Supporting and caring for transgender children. Human Rights Campaign. 2016;11. https:\/\/www.hrc.org\/resources\/supporting-caring-for-transgender-children."},{"key":"1563_CR26","volume-title":"Conversion therapy mental health advocate letter","author":"National Centre for Lesbian Rights","year":"2014","unstructured":"National Centre for Lesbian Rights. Conversion therapy mental health advocate letter. 2014."},{"key":"1563_CR27","unstructured":"American Medical Association. LGBTQ change efforts (so-called \u201cconversion therapy\u201d). Chicago: American Medical Association; 2019. p. 1\u20135."},{"key":"1563_CR28","volume-title":"Resolution on appropriate affirmative responses to sexual orientation distress and change efforts","author":"American Psychological Association","year":"2011","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. Resolution on appropriate affirmative responses to sexual orientation distress and change efforts, vol. 29. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Retrieved January 2009; 2011."},{"key":"1563_CR29","volume-title":"Joint statement on the affirmation of gender diverse children and youth","author":"Canadian Association for Social Work Education (CASWE-ACFTS)","year":"2015","unstructured":"Canadian Association for Social Work Education (CASWE-ACFTS), & Canadian Association of Social Workers (CASW). Joint statement on the affirmation of gender diverse children and youth. 2015."},{"key":"1563_CR30","unstructured":"Canadian Professional Association for Transgender Health. Submission to the Standing Committee on Justice Policy Re: Bill 77, Affirming Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Act, 2015. 2015."},{"key":"1563_CR31","volume-title":"Sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) and conversion therapy with lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgender persons","author":"National Association of Social Workers National Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues","year":"2015","unstructured":"National Association of Social Workers National Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues. Sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) and conversion therapy with lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgender persons. 2015."},{"key":"1563_CR32","unstructured":"Gaylesta. U.S. Joint statement on conversion therapy (draft 2.1--10\/18\/17). 2017; Available at: https:\/\/gaylesta.org\/USJS-Draft. Accessed 23 May 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"1563_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.5694\/mja17.01044","volume":"209","author":"MM Telfer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Telfer MM, Tollit MA, Pace CC, Pang KC. Australian standards of care and treatment guidelines for transgender and gender diverse children and adolescents. Med J Aust. 2018;209(3):132\u20136.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"1563_CR34","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Ending conversion therapy: supporting and affirming LGBTQ youth. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 15-4928 2015."},{"key":"1563_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021","volume":"75","author":"J McGowan","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;75:40\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1563_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014","volume":"65","author":"D Hoy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoy D, Brooks P, Woolf A, Blyth F, March L, Bain C, et al. Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(9):934\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1563_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001895","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001895","volume":"12","author":"S Lewin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lewin S, Glenton C, Munthe-Kaas H, Carlsen B, Colvin CJ, G\u00fclmezoglu M, et al. Using qualitative evidence in decision making for health and social interventions: an approach to assess confidence in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses (GRADE-CERQual). PLoS Med. 2015;12(10):e1001895.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1563_CR38","unstructured":"Aromataris E, Munn Z. Joanna Briggs Institute reviewer\u2019s manual, vol. 299. Adelaide: The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2017."},{"key":"1563_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wright T, Candy B, King M. Conversion therapies and access to transition-related healthcare in transgender people: a narrative systematic review. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e022425.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022425"},{"issue":"2","key":"1563_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0606.2008.00065.x","volume":"34","author":"J Serovich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Serovich J, Craft S, Toviessi P, Gangamma R, McDowell T, Grafsky E. A systematic review of the research base on sexual reorientation therapies. J Marital Fam Ther. 2008;34(2):227\u201338.","journal-title":"J Marital Fam Ther"},{"key":"1563_CR41","volume-title":"Trans conversion therapy doesn\u2019t call itself conversion therapy","author":"F Ashley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ashley F. Trans conversion therapy doesn\u2019t call itself conversion therapy; 2019."},{"key":"1563_CR42","unstructured":"Halpin H. A deceptive practice\u201d: Bill to ban LGBTQ conversion therapies passes second stage of Seanad. TheJournal.ie."},{"key":"1563_CR43","unstructured":"Karp P. Gay conversion therapy ban found to be LGBTIQ Australians\u2019 top priority. London: The Guardian; 2018."},{"key":"1563_CR44","unstructured":"Johnson S. Liberal justice minister \u2018committed\u2019 to criminalizing conversion therapy, says Edmonton MP. Toronto: Global News; 2019."}],"container-title":["Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-020-01563-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13643-020-01563-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-020-01563-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T00:37:53Z","timestamp":1610411873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13643-020-01563-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-020-01563-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-40983\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-40983\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-4053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-4053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethics approval is not required for a systematic review of publicly available literature.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"This study uses secondary (published) data; as such, consent will not be required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"14"}}