{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T10:04:51Z","timestamp":1782554691654,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01KG1904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KG1904"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005713","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Syst Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Antipsychotic drugs and especially the newer compounds are known to cause metabolic side effects. However, a comprehensive comparison of the different substances regarding their propensity to cause metabolic side effects in medium- to long-term treatment of schizophrenia is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We will conduct a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA). We will include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which participants received either placebo or an antipsychotic (i.e. placebo-controlled trials and head-to-head comparisons of drugs). We will include studies in individuals with schizophrenia or related disorders (such as schizophreniform or schizoaffective disorders) at any stage of the disease (acute episode; maintenance phase). We will include studies with a duration of more than 3\u00a0months (medium- to long-term treatment). The primary outcome will be the change in body weight. Secondary outcomes will be the further metabolic parameters: fastening glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides. We will search for eligible studies (independent of the publication status) in Cochrane Schizophrenia Group\u2019s Study-Based Register of Trials, which is compiled by regular searches in trial registries and multiple electronic databases from their inception onwards including MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO. Additionally, we will search previously published systematic reviews and websites of pharmaceutical companies for eligible studies. At least two reviewers will independently conduct the process of study selection and data extraction. We will use the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool to evaluate the risk of bias in studies. We will conduct random-effects NMA within a Bayesian framework to synthesize all evidence for each outcome. We will conduct sensitivity and subgroup analyses to assess the robustness of the findings and to explore heterogeneity. The confidence in the results will be evaluated using the Confidence in Network Meta-Analysis (CINeMA) framework.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This systematic review and network meta-analysis will provide a synthesis of the existing evidence from RCTs how antipsychotic drugs differ in terms of metabolic side effects during medium- to long-term treatment. The findings have the potential to influence the choice of antipsychotic medication made by individuals with schizophrenia and their physicians.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PROSPERO <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?RecordID=175414\">CRD42020175414<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01760-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T15:03:56Z","timestamp":1627916636000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Metabolic side effects of antipsychotic drugs in individuals with schizophrenia during medium- to long-term treatment: protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3448-9532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Schneider-Thoma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelika","family":"Kapfhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Bighelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyridon","family":"Siafis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wulf-Peter","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Salanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Leucht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10258","key":"1760_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","volume":"396","author":"T Vos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vos T, Lim SS, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi M, Abbasifard M, et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9896","key":"1760_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60733-3","volume":"382","author":"S Leucht","year":"2013","unstructured":"Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, \u00d6rey D, Richter F, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9896):951\u201362.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9831","key":"1760_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60239-6","volume":"379","author":"S Leucht","year":"2012","unstructured":"Leucht S, Tardy M, Komossa K, Heres S, Kissling W, Salanti G, et al. Antipsychotic drugs versus placebo for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012;379(9831):2063\u201371.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"1760_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-015-0269-4","volume":"29","author":"M de Hert","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Hert M, Sermon J, Geerts P, Vansteelandt K, Peuskens J, Detraux J. The use of continuous treatment versus placebo or intermittent treatment strategies in stabilized patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with first- and second-generation antipsychotics. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(8):637\u201358.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1760_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.11.021","volume":"134","author":"H Takeuchi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Takeuchi H, Suzuki T, Uchida H, Watanabe K, Mimura M. Antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia in the maintenance phase: a systematic review of the guidelines and algorithms. Schizophr Res. 2012;134(2\u20133):219\u201325.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1760_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.11.033","volume":"100","author":"R Tandon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tandon R, Belmaker RH, Gattaz WF, Lopez-Ibor JJ, Okasha A, Singh B, et al. World Psychiatric Association Pharmacopsychiatry Section statement on comparative effectiveness of antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2008;100(1\u20133):20\u201338.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1760_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.156","volume":"8","author":"M de Hert","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Hert M, Detraux J, van Winkel R, Yu W, Correll CU. Metabolic and cardiovascular adverse effects associated with antipsychotic drugs. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;8(2):114\u201326.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"39","key":"1760_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw272","volume":"37","author":"AL Catapano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Catapano AL, Graham I, de Backer G, Wiklund O, Chapman MJ, Drexel H, et al. 2016 ESC\/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(39):2999\u20133058.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"1760_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g4356","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4356","volume":"349","author":"S Rabar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rabar S, Harker M, O\u2019Flynn N, Wierzbicki AS. Lipid modification and cardiovascular risk assessment for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ. 2014;349:g4356.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"25 Pt B","key":"1760_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.005","volume":"63","author":"DC Goff","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goff DC, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D\u2019Agostino RB, Gibbons R, et al. 2013 ACC\/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2935\u201359.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"1760_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2017: summary of revisions. Diabetes Care. 2017; 40(Suppl 1):S4-S5.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-S003"},{"key":"1760_CR12","unstructured":"Arzneimittelkommission der deutschen \u00c4rzteschaft, Deutsche Diabetes Gesellschaft, Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin, Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Innere Medizin, Verband der Diabetesberatungs- und Schulungsberufe Deutschland, \u00c4rztliches Zentrum f\u00fcr Qualit\u00e4t in der Medizin. Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie Therapie des Typ-2-Diabetes - Langfassung, 1. Auflage. Bundes\u00e4rztekammer (B\u00c4K); Kassen\u00e4rztliche Bundesvereinigung (KBV); Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF); 2013."},{"issue":"2","key":"1760_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.084665","volume":"199","author":"M de Hert","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Hert M, Vancampfort D, Correll CU, Mercken V, Peuskens J, Sweers K, et al. Guidelines for screening and monitoring of cardiometabolic risk in schizophrenia: systematic evaluation. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;199(2):99\u2013105.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1760_CR14","first-page":"943162","volume":"2014","author":"J Kaur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaur J. A comprehensive review on metabolic syndrome. Cardiol Res Pract. 2014;2014:943162.","journal-title":"Cardiol Res Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"1760_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30078-0","volume":"4","author":"C Hjorth\u00f8j","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hjorth\u00f8j C, St\u00fcrup AE, McGrath JJ, Nordentoft M. Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(4):295\u2013301.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1760_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.54.4.565","volume":"54","author":"DB Allison","year":"2003","unstructured":"Allison DB, Mackell JA, McDonnell DD. The impact of weight gain on quality of life among persons with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 2003;54(4):565\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"12","key":"1760_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v63n1206","volume":"63","author":"DO Perkins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Perkins DO. Predictors of noncompliance in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(12):1121\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1760_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30416-X","volume":"7","author":"T Pillinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pillinger T, McCutcheon RA, Vano L, Mizuno Y, Arumuham A, Hindley G, et al. Comparative effects of 18 antipsychotics on metabolic function in patients with schizophrenia, predictors of metabolic dysregulation, and association with psychopathology: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(1):64\u201377.","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1760_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145713001053","volume":"17","author":"R P\u00e9rez-Iglesias","year":"2014","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Iglesias R, Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda O, Pardo-Garcia G, Amado JA, Garcia-Unzueta MT, Tabares-Seisdedos R, et al. Course of weight gain and metabolic abnormalities in first treated episode of psychosis: the first year is a critical period for development of cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;17(1):41\u201351.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1760_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110370505","volume":"25","author":"BA Millen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Millen BA, Campbell GM, Beasley CM. Weight changes over time in adults treated with the oral or depot formulations of olanzapine: a pooled analysis of 86 clinical trials. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford). 2011;25(5):639\u201345.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol (Oxford)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1760_CR21","first-page":"e1000326","volume":"4","author":"D Moher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):e1000326.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"1760_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"1760_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","volume":"162","author":"B Hutton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hutton B, Salanti G, Caldwell DM, Chaimani A, Schmid CH, Cameron C, et al. The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(11):777\u201384.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1760_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2019; 2:l4898.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898"},{"issue":"1","key":"1760_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.1.140","volume":"31","author":"DR Elbourne","year":"2002","unstructured":"Elbourne DR, Altman DG, Higgins JPT, Curtin F, Worthington HV, Vail A. Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31(1):140\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9074","key":"1760_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02419-7","volume":"350","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, Zellweger-Z\u00e4hner T, Schneider M, Junker C, Lengeler C, Antes G. Language bias in randomised controlled trials published in English and German. The Lancet. 1997;350(9074):326\u20139.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"1760_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i5396","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5396","volume":"355","author":"M Woodhead","year":"2016","unstructured":"Woodhead M. 80% of China\u2019s clinical trial data are fraudulent, investigation finds. BMJ. 2016;355:i5396.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"1760_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0554-2","volume":"18","author":"Z Tong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tong Z, Li F, Ogawa Y, Watanabe N, Furukawa TA. Quality of randomized controlled trials of new generation antidepressants and antipsychotics identified in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI): a literature and telephone interview study. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18(1):96.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"1760_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parry J. China vows to clamp down on academic fraud amid medical journal scandal. BMJ. 2017:j2970.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j2970"},{"issue":"9657","key":"1760_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61764-X","volume":"373","author":"S Leucht","year":"2009","unstructured":"Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM. Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9657):31\u201341.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"1760_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199403103301006","volume":"330","author":"WT Carpenter","year":"1994","unstructured":"Carpenter WT, Buchanan RW. Schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 1994;330(10):681\u201390.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1760_CR32","unstructured":"Adams CE, Coutinho E, Davis JM, Duggan L, Essali A, Fenton M, Li C, Jayaram M, Leucht S, Tharyan P, V\u00e4limaki M. Cochrane Schizophrenia Group. Chichester: Wiley; 2011."},{"key":"1760_CR33","unstructured":"Leucht S, Huhn M, Rothe P, Schneider J, Zhu Y. Which are the most important first-generation antipsychotic drugs? Survey of international schizophrenia experts. npj Schizophrenia: Abstracts of the 5th Biennial Schizophrenia International Research Conference. 2016."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1760_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.07.018","volume":"176","author":"F Misawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Misawa F, Kishimoto T, Hagi K, Kane JM, Correll CU. Safety and tolerability of long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies comparing the same antipsychotics. Schizophr Res. 2016;176(2\u20133):220\u201330.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1760_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2010.10.010","volume":"17","author":"CU Correll","year":"2011","unstructured":"Correll CU, Lencz T, Malhotra AK. Antipsychotic drugs and obesity. Trends Mol Med. 2011;17(2):97\u2013107.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1760_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09060802","volume":"167","author":"DM Gardner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gardner DM, Murphy AL, O\u2019Donnell H, Centorrino F, Baldessarini RJ. International consensus study of antipsychotic dosing. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(6):686\u201393.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1760_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.15171\/bi.2017.25","volume":"7","author":"F Shokraneh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shokraneh F, Adams CE. Study-based registers of randomized controlled trials: starting a systematic review with data extraction or meta-analysis. Bioimpacts. 2017;7(4):209\u201317.","journal-title":"Bioimpacts"},{"issue":"1","key":"1760_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1035-3","volume":"8","author":"F Shokraneh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shokraneh F, Adams CE. Study-based registers reduce waste in systematic reviewing: discussion and case report. Syst Rev. 2019;8(1):129.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"1760_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shokraneh F, Adams C. Classification of all pharmacological interventions tested in trials relevant to people with schizophrenia: a study-based analysis. 2020.","DOI":"10.1111\/hir.12366"},{"key":"1760_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shokraneh F, Adams C. Cochrane Schizophrenia Group\u2019s study-based register of randomized controlled trials: development and content analysis. 2020.","DOI":"10.1093\/schizbullopen\/sgaa061"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1760_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2017.03.75","volume":"5","author":"S Mantziari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mantziari S, Demartines N. Poor outcome reporting in medical research; building practice on spoilt grounds. Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(Suppl 1):S15.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"1760_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins J, Thomas J, Chandler J, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Second edition. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. 2019. (Cochrane book series).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604"},{"issue":"2","key":"1760_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1037","volume":"3","author":"G Salanti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salanti G. Indirect and mixed-treatment comparison, network, or multiple-treatments meta-analysis: many names, many benefits, many concerns for the next generation evidence synthesis tool. Res Syn Meth. 2012;3(2):80\u201397.","journal-title":"Res Syn Meth"},{"issue":"3","key":"1760_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys041","volume":"41","author":"RM Turner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Turner RM, Davey J, Clarke MJ, Thompson SG, Higgins JP. Predicting the extent of heterogeneity in meta-analysis, using empirical data from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(3):818\u201327.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1760_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1193","volume":"7","author":"KM Rhodes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rhodes KM, Turner RM, Higgins JPT. Empirical evidence about inconsistency among studies in a pair-wise meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2016;7(4):346\u201370.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"1760_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280207080643","volume":"17","author":"G Salanti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Salanti G, Higgins JPT, Ades AE, Ioannidis JPA. Evaluation of networks of randomized trials. Stat Methods Med Res. 2008;17(3):279\u2013301.","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1760_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.016","volume":"64","author":"G Salanti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Salanti G, Ades AE, Ioannidis JPA. Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(2):163\u201371.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1760_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys222","volume":"42","author":"AA Veroniki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Veroniki AA, Vasiliadis HS, Higgins JP, Salanti G. Evaluation of inconsistency in networks of interventions. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(1):332\u201345.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1760_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99682","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099682","volume":"9","author":"G Salanti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salanti G, Del Giovane C, Chaimani A, Caldwell DM, Higgins JPT. Evaluating the quality of evidence from a network meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e99682.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"1760_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1044","volume":"3","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Jackson D, Barrett JK, Lu G, Ades AE, White IR. Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: concepts and models for multi-arm studies. Res Synth Methods. 2012;3(2):98\u2013110.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"1760_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3767","volume":"29","author":"S Dias","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dias S, Welton NJ, Caldwell DM, Ades AE. Checking consistency in mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2010;29(7\u20138):932\u201344.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1760_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.57","volume":"3","author":"A Chaimani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chaimani A, Salanti G. Using network meta-analysis to evaluate the existence of small-study effects in a network of interventions. Res Synth Methods. 2012;3(2):161\u201376.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"1760_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003082","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003082","volume":"17","author":"A Nikolakopoulou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nikolakopoulou A, Higgins JPT, Papakonstantinou T, ChaimaniA, Del Giovane C, Egger M, et al. CINeMA: an approach for assessing confidence in the results of a network meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17(4):e1003082.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1760_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papakonstantinou T, Nikolakopoulou A, Higgins JPT, Egger M, Salanti G. CINeMA: software for semiautomated assessment of the confidence in the results of network meta\u2010analysis. Campbell Syst Rev 2020; 16(1).","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1080"},{"key":"1760_CR55","unstructured":"CINeMA: Confidence in network meta-analysis.; 2020 [cited 2020 Nov 27]. Available from: https:\/\/cinema.ispm.unibe.ch\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"1760_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2005.06.006","volume":"59","author":"TA Furukawa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Furukawa TA, Barbui C, Cipriani A, Brambilla P, Watanabe N. Imputing missing standard deviations in meta-analyses can provide accurate results. J Clin Epidemiol. 2006;59(1):7\u201310.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01760-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01760-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01760-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T16:06:19Z","timestamp":1627920379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01760-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01760-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-4053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-4053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"In the last 3\u00a0years, Stefan Leucht has received honoraria as a consultant\/advisor and\/or for lectures from Angelini, B\u00f6hringer Ingelheim, Geodon&Richter, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Lundbeck, LTS Lohmann, MSD, Otsuka, Recordati, SanofiAventis, Sandoz, Sunovion and TEVA. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"214"}}