{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:33:52Z","timestamp":1790663632578,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"european union\u2019s horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["852787"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["852787"]}]},{"name":"uk research and innovation global challenges research fund","award":["ES\/S008101\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/S008101\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Syst Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Research suggests that childhood psychological maltreatment (i.e., emotional abuse and emotional neglect) is associated with mental health problems that persist into adulthood, for example anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicidal ideation, and aggression; however, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing literature would help clarify the magnitude and moderators of these associations, and the extent to which they may be affected by publication bias, as well as the methodological strengths and weakness of studies in this area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The reporting of this protocol follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) Statement. Searches will be carried out via several databases, including Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, Applied Social Science Index and Abstract, ERIC and EMBASE. Empirical peer-reviewed research articles that fit pre-specified eligibility criteria will be included in the review. Studies will be eligible if they include participants age 18 or over at time of mental health assessment, include information on childhood psychological maltreatment (emotional abuse and\/or neglect) perpetrated by a primary caregiver or adult in the same household, and provide quantitative information on the association between these factors. Studies using prospective and retrospective designs and written in either English or Chinese will be eligible. Two independent reviewers will screen and assess studies for inclusion in the review as well as extract the data, with consensus reached through discussion in cases of discrepancy. A third reviewer will be consulted to resolve any discrepancies that remain. The relevant Newcastle\u2013Ottawa scales will be used for assessing the quality of studies. If a sufficient number of comparable studies are retrieved, a meta-analysis will be conducted using a random effects model. Study-level moderators (i.e., year of publication, quality of the study and study geographical location) will be examined in the meta-analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review will provide an understanding of the long-term effects of childhood psychological maltreatment on adult mental health, which adds to previous reviews focusing primarily on the effects of physical and sexual abuse. The results of the review will help inform clinical practice in approaches to treating those with a history of psychological maltreatment in childhood. The gaps and weaknesses in the evidence identified will also inform recommendations for future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01777-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T01:03:09Z","timestamp":1628730189000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The impact of childhood psychological maltreatment on mental health outcomes in adulthood: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9715-174X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuoni","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina Murat","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Meinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Obsuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aja Louise","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1777_CR1","unstructured":"Afroz S, Tiwari PSN. Psychological abuse: Impact on children. Ind J Health Wellbeing. 2015;6(5)."},{"issue":"2","key":"1777_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199103000-00015","volume":"30","author":"CJ Aiosa-Karpas","year":"1991","unstructured":"Aiosa-Karpas CJ, Karpas R, Pelcovitz D, Kaplan S. Gender identification and sex role attribution in sexually abused adolescent females. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1991;30(2):266\u201371.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1777_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002848","volume":"50","author":"I Angelakis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Angelakis I, Austin J, Gooding P. Childhood maltreatment and suicide attempts in prisoners: A systematic meta-analytic review. Psychol Med. 2020;50(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1777_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.07.018","volume":"33","author":"A Baker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baker A, Festinger T. Emotional abuse and emotional neglect subscales of the CTQ: Associations with each other, other measures of psychological maltreatment, and demographic variables. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2011;33(11):2297\u2013302.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"1777_CR5","unstructured":"Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, Foote J. Childhood trauma questionnaire. Assessment of family violence: A handbook for researchers and practitioners. 1998."},{"key":"1777_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Black DA, Smith SlepAM, Heyman RE. Risk factors for psychological abuse. Aggression Violent Behavior. 2001;6:189\u2013201.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(00)00022-7"},{"key":"1777_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.5172\/jamh.9.2.148","volume":"9","author":"W Bor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bor W, Collerson M, Cupit SC, McDermott B, Stallman HM, Walmsley KE. New directions in treatment of child physical abuse and neglect in Australia: MST-CAN a case study. Adv Mental Health. 2010;9:148\u201361.","journal-title":"Adv Mental Health"},{"key":"1777_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2010.522947","volume":"19","author":"EE Burns","year":"2010","unstructured":"Burns EE, Jackson JL, Harding HG. Child maltreatment, emotion regulation, and posttraumatic stress: The impact of emotional abuse. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. 2010;19:801\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10926771.2010.522947.","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"1777_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.8.811","volume":"156","author":"A Diaz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Diaz A, Simantov E, Rickert VI. Effect of abuse on health: results of a national survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156(8):811\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"1777_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duval S. The Trim and Fill Method. In Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments. Wiley; 2006. p. 127\u201344.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470870168.ch8"},{"issue":"7109","key":"1777_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629\u201334.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1777_CR12","volume-title":"The psychologically battered child","author":"J Garbarino","year":"1986","unstructured":"Garbarino J, Guttman E, Seeley JW. The psychologically battered child. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 1986."},{"key":"1777_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005586519986","volume":"25","author":"BE Gibb","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gibb BE, Alloy LB, Abrahamson LY, Rose DT, Whitehouse WG, Donovan P, Tierney S. History of child maltreatment, negative cognitive styles and episodes of depression in adulthood. Cogn Ther Res. 2001;25:426\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1005586519986.","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"1777_CR14","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1. 0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration: 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org. Accessed 29 Aug 2011."},{"key":"1777_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hovdestad W, Campeau A, Potter D, Tonmyr L. A systematic review of childhood maltreatment assessments in population-representative surveys since 1990. PloS One. 2015;10(5).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123366"},{"issue":"8","key":"1777_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","volume":"2","author":"K Hughes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, Sethi D, Butchart A, Mikton C, Dunne MP. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health. 2017;2(8):e356\u201366.","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"1777_CR17","volume-title":"The emotionally abused and neglect child: Identification, assessment, and intervention","author":"D Iwaniec","year":"1995","unstructured":"Iwaniec D. The emotionally abused and neglect child: Identification, assessment, and intervention. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1995."},{"key":"1777_CR18","unstructured":"Kilpatrick DG, Saunders BE, Smith DW. Youth victimization: Prevalence and implications. Research in brief. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs; 2003."},{"key":"1777_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maguire W, Naughton C, Tempest M, . . . Kemp. A systematic review of the emotional, behavioural and cognitive features exhibited by school\u2010aged children experiencing neglect or emotional abuse. Child Care Health Develop. 2015;41(5):641\u201353.","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12227"},{"issue":"4","key":"1777_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","volume":"151","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1777_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","volume":"4","author":"D Moher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, Stewart LA. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"1777_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norman RE, Byambaa M, De R, Butchart A, Scott J, Vos T. The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9(11):e1001349.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349"},{"key":"1777_CR23","unstructured":"Vega Castelo ADL. Outcomes of psychological maltreatment in children. 2013."},{"issue":"3","key":"1777_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","volume":"36","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36(3):1\u201348.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"1777_CR25","unstructured":"Wells G, Shea B, O\u2019Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. NewCastle\u2013Ottawa quality assessment scale\u2014case control studies. 2012\u201306\u201315]. 2017. http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp."},{"key":"1777_CR26","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Child Maltreatment. 2020. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/child-maltreatment."}],"container-title":["Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01777-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01777-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01777-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,7]],"date-time":"2023-01-07T00:17:27Z","timestamp":1673050647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01777-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1777"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01777-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-102460\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2046-4053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-4053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"This study will based\u00a0on the previous studies and will not collect new data or involve identifiable data. Therefore, ethical review is not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"224"}}