{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T14:43:46Z","timestamp":1776696226136,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"What Works for Children's Social Care","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Syst Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Relative to their counterparts in the general population, young people who leave, or transition out of, out-of-home (OOHC) arrangements commonly experience poorer outcomes across a range of indicators, including higher rates of homelessness, unemployment, reliance on public assistance, physical and mental health problems and contact with the criminal justice system. The age at which young people transition from OOHC varies between and within some countries, but for most, formal support ceases between the ages of 18 and 21.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Programs designed to support transitions are generally available to young people toward the end of their OOHC placement, although some can extend beyond. They often encourage the development of skills required for continued engagement in education, obtaining employment, maintaining housing and general life skills. Little is known about the effectiveness of these programs or of extended care policies that raise the age at which support remains available to young people after leaving OOHC. This systematic review will seek to identify programs and\/or interventions that improve outcomes for youth transitioning from the OOHC system into adult living arrangements.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This review will identify programs, interventions and policies that seek to improve health and wellbeing of this population that have been tested using robust controlled methods. Primary outcomes of interest are homelessness, health, education, employment, exposure to violence and risky behaviour. Secondary outcomes are relationships and life skills. We will search, from January 1990 onwards, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, ERIC, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, SocINDEX, Sociological Abstracts, Social Services Abstracts, NHS Economic Evaluation Database and Health Technology Assessment. Grey literature will be identified through searching websites and databases, e.g. clearing houses, government agencies and organisations known to be undertaking or consolidating research on this topic area. Two reviewers will independently screen all title and abstracts and full text articles with conflicts to be resolved by a third reviewer. Data extraction will be undertaken by pairs of review authors, with one reviewer checking the results of the other. If more than one study with suitable data can be identified, we plan to undertake both fixed-effects and random-effects meta-analyses and intend to present the random-effects result if there is no indication of funnel plot asymmetry. Risk of bias will be assessed using tools appropriate to the study methodology. Quality of evidence across studies will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Previous reviews were unable to identify any programs or interventions, backed by methodologically rigorous research, that improve outcomes for this population. This review seeks to update this previous work, taking into account changes in the provision of extended care, which is now available in some jurisdictions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>PROSPERO <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?RecordID=146999\">CRD42020146999<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01792-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T09:03:56Z","timestamp":1630314236000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Protocol for a systematic review of policies, programs or interventions designed to improve health and wellbeing of young people leaving the out-of-home care system"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8801-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J. A.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aron","family":"Shlonsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Albers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangita","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geraldine","family":"Macdonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1792_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200105000-00019","volume":"40","author":"BD Stein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stein BD, Zima BT, Elliott MN, Burnam MA, Shahinfar A, Fox NA, et al. Violence exposure among school-age children in foster care: Relationship to distress symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry [Internet]. 2001;40(5):588\u201394. Available from:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004583-200105000-00019.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry [Internet]."},{"issue":"8","key":"1792_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(96)00056-7","volume":"20","author":"AF Garland","year":"1996","unstructured":"Garland AF, Landsverk JL, Hough RL, Ellis-MacLeod E. Type of maltreatment as a predictor of mental health service use for children in foster care. Child Abus Negl. 1996;20(8):675\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0145-2134(96)00056-7.","journal-title":"Child Abus Negl."},{"key":"1792_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m M, Cederblad M, H\u00e5kansson K, Jonsson AK, Munthe C, Vinnerljung B, et al. Interventions in foster family care: a systematic review. Res Soc Work Pract. 2020;30(1)3-18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049731519832101.","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731519832101"},{"issue":"1","key":"1792_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1017\/ics.2020.26","volume":"37","author":"B Strahl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Strahl B, Van Breda ADP, Mann-Feder V, Schr\u00f6er W. A multinational comparison of care-leaving policy and legislation. J Int Comp Soc Policy. 2021;37(1):34\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ics.2020.26.","journal-title":"J Int Comp Soc Policy."},{"key":"1792_CR5","unstructured":"Department for Education. National Statistics: Children looked after in England including adoption: 2017 to 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/children-looked-after-in-england-including-adoption-2017-to-2018. [cited 2020 Jul 1]."},{"key":"1792_CR6","volume-title":"Child protection Australia 2018\u201319","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2020","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Child protection Australia 2018\u201319. Canberra: Australian Government; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/child-protection\/child-protection-australia-2018-19\/data"},{"key":"1792_CR7","unstructured":"Fernandes-Alcantara AL. Youth transitioning from foster care: background and federal programs. Washington DC: Congressional Research Service; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/RL\/RL34499"},{"key":"1792_CR8","unstructured":"Cameron C. Leaving care and employment in five European countries: an undocumented problem? London: Thomas Coram Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education; 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.sos-childrensvillages.org\/getmedia\/908bc3ed-244d-48d0-b8e1-d44d8cdd8e8a\/SOS-CVI_Leaving-Care-and-employment-report_Final.pdf"},{"key":"1792_CR9","volume-title":"ANBAAR16: Children and young persons placed outside of own home per 31st december by part of the country, place of accommodation, measure, age and sex","author":"Statistics Denmark","year":"2021","unstructured":"Statistics Denmark. ANBAAR16: Children and young persons placed outside of own home per 31st december by part of the country, place of accommodation, measure, age and sex. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.statbank.dk\/statbank5a\/selectvarval\/Define.asp. [cited 2021 Jun 24]"},{"issue":"5","key":"1792_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.97.5.1583","volume":"97","author":"JJ Doyle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Doyle JJ. Child protection and child outcomes: measuring the effects of foster care. Am Econ Rev. 2007;97(5):1583\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.97.5.1583.","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev."},{"issue":"SUPPL. 2","key":"1792_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301455","volume":"103","author":"A Dworsky","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dworsky A, Napolitano L, Courtney M. Homelessness during the transition from foster care to adulthood. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(SUPPL. 2):318\u201323.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"August","key":"1792_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.08.027","volume":"93","author":"B Crawford","year":"2018","unstructured":"Crawford B, Pharris AB, Dorsett-Burrell R. Risk of serious criminal involvement among former foster youth aging out of care. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2018;93(August):451\u20137. Available from:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.08.027.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"1792_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.09.032","volume":"72","author":"A Dworsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dworsky A, Gitlow E. Employment outcomes of young parents who age out of foster care. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2017;72:133\u201340. Available from:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.09.032.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"issue":"December 2016","key":"1792_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.03.017","volume":"77","author":"PJ Fowler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fowler PJ, Marcal KE, Zhang J, Day O, Landsverk J. Homelessness and aging out of foster care: a national comparison of child welfare-involved adolescents. Child Youth Serv Rev [Internet]. 2017;77(December 2016):27\u201333. Available from:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.03.017.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev [Internet]."},{"issue":"4","key":"1792_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-018-0568-y","volume":"36","author":"EJ Greeno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Greeno EJ, Lee BR, Tuten M, Harburger D. Prevalence of substance use, housing instability, and self-perceived preparation for independence among current and former foster youth. Child Adolesc Soc Work J. 2019;36(4):409\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10560-018-0568-y.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Soc Work J."},{"issue":"February","key":"1792_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.02.031","volume":"87","author":"C Cameron","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cameron C, Hollingworth K, Schoon I, van Santen E, Schr\u00f6er W, Ristikari T, et al. Care leavers in early adulthood: how do they fare in Britain, Finland and Germany? Child Youth Serv Rev. 2018;87(February):163\u201372. Available from:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.02.031.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"1792_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donkoh C, Underhill K, Montgomery P. Independent living programmes for improving outcomes for young people leaving the care system. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;8 Available from: http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/14651858.CD005558.pub2.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005558.pub2"},{"issue":"1","key":"1792_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2012.10.003","volume":"35","author":"J Havlicek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Havlicek J, Garcia A, Smith DC. Mental health and substance use disorders among foster youth transitioning to adulthood: past research and future directions. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2013;35(1):194\u2013203. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3677527\/pdf\/nihms414350.pdf. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2012.10.003.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev."},{"key":"1792_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.02.035","volume":"76","author":"L Gypen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gypen L, Vanderfaeillie J, De Maeyer S, Belenger L, Van Holen F. Outcomes of children who grew up in foster care: systematic-review. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2017;76:74\u201383. Available from:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.02.035.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"1792_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2020.1842216","volume":"25","author":"R O\u2019Donnell","year":"2020","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell R, Hatzikiriakidis K, Mendes P, Savaglio M, Green R, Kerridge G, et al. The impact of transition interventions for young people leaving care: a review of the Australian evidence. Int J Adolesc Youth. 2020;25(1):1076\u201388. Available from:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02673843.2020.1842216.","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Youth"},{"issue":"10","key":"1792_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.10.986","volume":"161","author":"MB Kushel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kushel MB, Yen IH, Gee L, Courtney ME. Homelessness and health care access after emancipation. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(10):986\u201333 Available from: http:\/\/archpedi.jamanetwork.com\/article.aspx?doi=10.1001\/archpedi.161.10.986.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1792_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12348","volume":"26","author":"JA Heerde","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heerde JA, Hemphill SA, Scholes-Balog KE. The impact of transitional programmes on post-transition outcomes for youth leaving out-of-home care: a meta-analysis. Heal Soc Care Community. 2018;26(1):e15\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hsc.12348.","journal-title":"Heal Soc Care Community."},{"issue":"5","key":"1792_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcaa028","volume":"50","author":"P Mendes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mendes P, Rogers J. Young people transitioning from out-of-home care: what are the lessons from extended care programmes in the usa and england for Australia? Br J Soc Work. 2020;50(5):1513\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjsw\/bcaa028.","journal-title":"Br J Soc Work."},{"issue":"April","key":"1792_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105596","volume":"119","author":"AD van Breda","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Breda AD, Munro ER, Gilligan R, Anghel R, Harder A, Incarnato M, et al. Extended care: Global dialogue on policy, practice and research. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;119(April):105596. Available from:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105596.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"1792_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2011.01287.x","volume":"37","author":"ES Everson-Hock","year":"2011","unstructured":"Everson-Hock ES, Jones R, Guillaume L, Clapton J, Duenas A, Goyder E, et al. Supporting the transition of looked-after young people to independent living: a systematic review of interventions and adult outcomes. Child Care Health Dev. 2011;37(6):767\u201379.","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"issue":"1","key":"1792_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12208","volume":"22","author":"A Yelick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yelick A. Research Review: Independent living programmes: the influence on youth ageing out of care (YAO). Child Fam Soc Work. 2017;22(1):515\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cfs.12208.","journal-title":"Child Fam Soc Work."},{"issue":"September 2018","key":"1792_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.01.006","volume":"98","author":"C Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu C, Vazquez C, Jones K, Fong R. The impact of independent living programs on foster youths\u2019 educational outcomes: a scoping review. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2019;98(September 2018):213\u201320. Available from:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2019.01.006.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"issue":"July","key":"1792_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.07.013","volume":"79","author":"KA Randolph","year":"2017","unstructured":"Randolph KA, Thompson H. A systematic review of interventions to improve post-secondary educational outcomes among foster care alumni. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2017;79(July):602\u201311. Available from:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.07.013.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev."},{"issue":"July","key":"1792_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.09.031","volume":"82","author":"RL Woodgate","year":"2017","unstructured":"Woodgate RL, Morakinyo O, Martin KM. Interventions for youth aging out of care: a scoping review. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2017;82(July):280\u2013300. Available from:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.09.031.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"1792_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-008-0127-z","volume":"25","author":"T Naccarato","year":"2008","unstructured":"Naccarato T, DeLorenzo E. Transitional youth services: practice implications from a systematic review. Child Adolesc Soc Work J. 2008;25(4):287\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10560-008-0127-z.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Soc Work J."},{"key":"1792_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2020.05.009","volume":"54","author":"A H\u00e4ggman-Laitila","year":"2020","unstructured":"H\u00e4ggman-Laitila A, Salokekkil\u00e4 P, Karki S. Integrative review of the evaluation of additional support programs for care leavers making the transition to adulthood. J Pediatr Nurs. 2020;54:63\u201377. Available from:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedn.2020.05.009.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"April","key":"1792_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105005","volume":"113","author":"JKP Greeson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Greeson JKP, Garcia AR, Tan F, Chacon A, Ortiz AJ. Interventions for youth aging out of foster care: a state of the science review. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;113(April):105005. Available from:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105005.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"issue":"January","key":"1792_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","volume":"349","author":"L Shamseer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (prisma-p) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ. 2015;349(January):1\u201325. Available from:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.g7647.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"1792_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2021;10(89). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01626-4"},{"key":"1792_CR35","unstructured":"Veritas Health Innovation. Covidence systematic review software. Melbourne."},{"key":"1792_CR36","unstructured":"Wilson DB. Practical meta-analysis effect size calculator. Available from: https:\/\/campbellcollaboration.org\/research-resources\/effect-size-calculator.html. [cited 2020 Sep 14]."},{"key":"1792_CR37","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 6.2 (updated February 2021): Cochrane","author":"JJ Deeks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deeks JJ, JPT H, Altman DG. Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page M, et al., editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 6.2 (updated February 2021): Cochrane; 2021. Available from: www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook."},{"issue":"7414","key":"1792_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"1792_CR39","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2020. Available from: http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"key":"1792_CR40","first-page":"1","volume":"368","author":"M Campbell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campbell M, McKenzie JE, Sowden A, Katikireddi SV, Brennan SE, Ellis S, et al. Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline. BMJ. 2020;368:1\u20136.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"1792_CR41","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Routledge Academic; 1988."},{"key":"1792_CR42","first-page":"1","volume":"366","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Savovi\u0107 J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"1792_CR43","first-page":"4","volume":"355","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sterne JAC, Hern\u00e1n MA, Reeves BC, Savovi\u0107 J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:4\u201310.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"1792_CR44","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","author":"J Higgins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Higgins J, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 2011. Available from: www.handbook.cochrane.org"},{"key":"1792_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(924) Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD"},{"issue":"3","key":"1792_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12471","volume":"24","author":"J Stor\u00f8","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stor\u00f8 J, Sj\u00f6blom Y, H\u00f6jer I. A comparison of state support for young people leaving care in Norway and Sweden: differences within comparable welfare systems. Child Fam Soc Work. 2019;24(3):393\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cfs.12471.","journal-title":"Child Fam Soc Work."}],"container-title":["Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01792-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01792-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01792-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T09:13:13Z","timestamp":1630314793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01792-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01792-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-4053"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-4053","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 August 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 August 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"240"}}