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Additional data were obtained by contacting researchers from Brazilian public universities. Studies assessing deficiency rates using biochemical markers were included. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Of the 3772 records identified, 13 studies were included. Only folate (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200913), B12 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200911), and B6 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091) deficiencies were investigated, and all studies were cross-sectional. B12 deficiency prevalence varied widely, reaching up to 29.4%. Folate deficiencies were generally low, with only one study reporting a rate as high as 37%. Other B-complex vitamins were insufficiently studied. Most studies had methodological limitations, particularly small sample sizes. The significant heterogeneity across studies limited the feasibility of a pooled quantitative meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>There is a clear need for more robust studies across all Brazilian regions to improve understanding of vitamin deficiency rates and to support effective nutritional interventions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>PROSPERO CRD42020188474<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-025-02861-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T06:07:35Z","timestamp":1747375655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Deficiency of B vitamins in women of childbearing age, pregnant, and lactating women in Brazil: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tatiane Salgado Galv\u00e3o","family":"de Macedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel Carlos","family":"Mocellin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone Augusta","family":"Ribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle Teixeira","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra da Silva","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel Montalv\u00e3o","family":"Palermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cintia Chaves","family":"Curioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2861_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X","volume":"382","author":"RE Black","year":"2013","unstructured":"Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, de Onis M, et al. 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