{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T21:18:57Z","timestamp":1767043137782,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Syst Rev"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-025-03025-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T08:46:42Z","timestamp":1766393202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidence of loss to follow\u2011up among East African adults on antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta\u2011analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mulugeta Shegaze","family":"Shimbre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abebe Gedefaw","family":"Belete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manaye Yihune","family":"Teshale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigus Kabtu","family":"Belete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abakundana Nsenga Ariston","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3025_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2024.02.001","volume":"42","author":"S Payagala","year":"2024","unstructured":"Payagala S, Pozniak A. The global burden of HIV. Clin Dermatol. 2024;42(2):119\u201327.","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"3025_CR2","unstructured":"HIV\/AIDS JUNPo. Ending inequalities and getting on track to end AIDS by 2030: a summary of the commitments and targets within the United Nations General Assembly\u2019s 2021 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS. 2022."},{"key":"3025_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. People living with HIV People acquiring HIV People dying from HIV-related causes. Who. 2023;1\u20138. Available from: https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/hq-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-library\/j0294-who-hiv-epi-factsheet-v7.pdf. 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"3025_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11613-y","volume":"21","author":"J Palacio-Vieira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palacio-Vieira J, Reyes-Urue\u00f1a JM, Imaz A, Bruguera A, Force L, Llaveria AO, et al. Strategies to reengage patients lost to follow up in HIV care in high income countries, a scoping review. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1596.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3025_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeleke S, Demis S, Eshetie Y, Kefale D, Tesfahun Y, Munye T, et al. Incidence and predictors of loss to follow-up among adults on antiretroviral therapy in South Gondar governmental hospitals, Ethiopia: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2023:1737\u201348.","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S414194"},{"issue":"1","key":"3025_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10089-6","volume":"24","author":"T Endebu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Endebu T, Taye G, Deressa W. Rate and predictors of loss to follow-up in HIV care in a low-resource setting: analyzing critical risk periods. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"3025_CR7","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Eastern and southern Africa AIDS-related deaths. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/aidsinfo.unaids.org\/. 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"3025_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08063-9","volume":"23","author":"SE Mushy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mushy SE, Mtisi E, Mboggo E, Mkawe S, Yahya-Malima KI, Ndega J, et al. Predictors of the observed high prevalence of loss to follow-up in ART-experienced adult PLHIV: a retrospective longitudinal cohort study in the Tanga Region, Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):92.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"3025_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13753","volume":"27","author":"C Nshimirimana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nshimirimana C, Ndayizeye A, Smekens T, Vuylsteke B. Loss to follow-up of patients in HIV care in Burundi: a retrospective cohort study. Trop Med Int Health. 2022;27(6):574\u201382.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"3025_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217606","volume":"15","author":"J Kiwanuka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kiwanuka J, Mukulu Waila J, Muhindo Kahungu M, Kitonsa J, Kiwanuka N. Determinants of loss to follow-up among HIV positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in a test and treat setting: a retrospective cohort study in Masaka, Uganda. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(4):e0217606.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3025_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-021-01718-0","volume":"21","author":"T Oluoch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oluoch T, Cornet R, Muthusi J, Katana A, Kimanga D, Kwaro D, et al. A clinical decision support system is associated with reduced loss to follow-up among patients receiving HIV treatment in Kenya: a cluster randomized trial. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2021;21:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"issue":"1","key":"3025_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-27077-y","volume":"12","author":"A Alebel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alebel A, Sibbritt D, Petrucka P, Demant D. Undernutrition increased the risk of loss to follow-up among adults living with HIV on ART in Northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):22556.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3025_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374515","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1374515","volume":"12","author":"A Anulo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anulo A, Girma A, Tesfaye G, Asefa F, Cheru A, Lonsako AA. Incidence and predictors of loss to follow-up among adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in Central Ethiopia: a multi-center retrospective cohort study. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1374515.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"3025_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3407-5","volume":"11","author":"MA Assemie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Assemie MA, Muchie KF, Ayele TA. Incidence and predictors of loss to follow up among HIV-infected adults at Pawi General Hospital, northwest Ethiopia: competing risk regression model. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11:1\u20136.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"3025_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.876430","volume":"10","author":"B Bantie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bantie B, Seid A, Kerebeh G, Alebel A, Dessie G. Loss to follow-up in \u201ctest and treat era\u201d and its predictors among HIV-positive adults receiving ART in Northwest Ethiopia: institution-based cohort study. Front Public Health. 2022;10:876430.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"3025_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bikoro B, Oljira L, Gobena T, Erkalo D. Incidence and predictors of loss to follow-up among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adult patients on anti-retroviral therapy at Hadiya zone public hospitals, southern Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study. J Public Health. 2020:1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-020-01268-1"},{"key":"3025_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-020-00266-z","volume":"48","author":"MY Birhanu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Birhanu MY, Leshargie CT, Alebel A, Wagnew F, Siferih M, Gebre T, et al. Incidence and predictors of loss to follow-up among HIV-positive adults in northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study. Tropical Med Health. 2020;48:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Tropical Med Health"},{"key":"3025_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dejen D, Jara D, Yeshanew F, Fentaw Z, Mengie Feleke T, Girmaw F, et al. Attrition and its predictors among adults receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy in Woldia town public health facilities, northeast Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study. HIV\/AIDS-Res Palliat Care. 2021:445\u201354.","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S304657"},{"key":"3025_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dessu S, Mesele M, Habte A, Dawit Z. Time until loss to follow-up, incidence, and predictors among adults taking ART at public hospitals in Southern Ethiopia. HIV\/AIDS-Res Palliat Care. 2021:205\u201315.","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S296226"},{"issue":"3","key":"3025_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299505","volume":"19","author":"AG Ganta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ganta AG, Wabeto E, Minuta WM, Wegi C, Berheto T, Samuel S, et al. Predictors of loss to follow up among adults on antiretroviral therapy before and after the start of treat-all strategy in public health facilities of Hawassa city, Ethiopia: a competing risk regression. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(3):e0299505.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"3025_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8659372","volume":"2021","author":"MA Gebremichael","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gebremichael MA, Gurara MK, Weldehawaryat HN, Mengesha MM, Berbada DA. Predictors of loss to follow\u2010up among HIV\u2010infected adults after initiation of the first\u2010line antiretroviral therapy at Arba Minch General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia: a 5\u2010year retrospective cohort study. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021(1):8659372.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"3025_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4154-y","volume":"12","author":"N Mekonnen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mekonnen N, Abdulkadir M, Shumetie E, Baraki AG, Yenit MK. Incidence and predictors of loss to follow-up among HIV infected adults after initiation of first line anti-retroviral therapy at University of Gondar comprehensive specialized Hospital Northwest Ethiopia, 2018: retrospective follow up study. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12:1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"10","key":"3025_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275954","volume":"17","author":"D Ntabanganyimana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ntabanganyimana D, Rugema L, Omolo J, Nsekuye O, Malamba SS. Incidence and factors associated with being lost to follow-up among people living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy in Nyarugenge the central business district of Kigali city, Rwanda. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(10):e0275954.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3025_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4474-6","volume":"19","author":"D Opio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Opio D, Semitala FC, Kakeeto A, Sendaula E, Okimat P, Nakafeero B, et al. Loss to follow-up and associated factors among adult people living with HIV at public health facilities in Wakiso district, Uganda: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"3025_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159994","volume":"11","author":"B Rachlis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rachlis B, Bakoyannis G, Easterbrook P, Genberg B, Braithwaite RS, Cohen CR, et al. Facility-level factors influencing retention of patients in HIV care in East Africa. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(8):e0159994.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3025_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3188-4","volume":"18","author":"W Seifu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seifu W, Ali W, Meresa B. Predictors of loss to follow up among adult clients attending antiretroviral treatment at Karamara general hospital, Jigjiga town, Eastern Ethiopia, 2015: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"3025_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v22i2.3","volume":"22","author":"WS Shiferaw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shiferaw WS, Belete AM, Adela A, Getnet M, Aynalem YAAA. Incidence and predictors of loss to follow-up among adult HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral therapy at North Shewa zone public Hospitals, Northeast Ethiopia: a retrospective follow-up study. Afr Health Sci. 2022;22(2):12\u201326.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"3025_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07049-y","volume":"12","author":"AT Telayneh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Telayneh AT, Tesfa M, Woyraw W, Temesgen H, Alamirew NM, Haile D, et al. Time to lost to follow-up and its predictors among adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy retrospective follow-up study Amhara Northwest Ethiopia. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):2916.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"3025_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227473","volume":"15","author":"AB Teshale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teshale AB, Tsegaye AT, Wolde HF. Incidence and predictors of loss to follow up among adult HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital: a competing risk regression modeling. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(1):e0227473.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Systematic Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13643-025-03025-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-025-03025-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s13643-025-03025-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T21:15:46Z","timestamp":1767042946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s13643-025-03025-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-025-03025-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-4053"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2046-4053"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and comsent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"251"}}